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1 основной принцип
1) General subject: bed-rock, foundation stone, governing principle, ground sill, groundsel, key, keynote, keystone, radical, the root principle, ground, key-note, Pillar, basic tenet2) Construction: general principle4) Accounting: ultimate5) Diplomatic term: fundamental tenet, underlying principle6) Politics: overriding principle7) Advertising: radical principle, root principle8) Business: outline9) Programming: general approach10) Makarov: ground-sill, rudder -
2 основной принцип
key-note, basic principle, overriding principle, radical principle -
3 принцип
(правило) principle, rule, fundamentals; (убеждение) tenetбыть верным принципам, придерживаться принципов — to adhere to the principles
осуществлять принципы на практике — to put principles into practice, to realize principles in practice
отстаивать / поддерживать принцип — to uphold a principle
провозгласить принцип — to enunciate / to proclaim a principle
разработать идеологические, политические и организационные принципы (партии) — to elaborate ideological, political and organizational principles
моральные / нравственные принципы — moral principles
общепризнанные принципы — generally / universally recognized principles
общепризнанные принципы и нормы международного нрава — generally / universally recognized principles and rules of international law
общие принципы — general guidelines; (единые) shared principles
основные принципы — basic / fundamental / radical / root principles / tenets, ground rules, governing principles / motives
основополагающие принципы — guidelines, fundamental principles
действие / применение принципов — operation of principles
быть несовместимым с принципом сохранения международной безопасности — incompatible with the maintenance of international security
принципы взаимного уважения территориальной целостности и суверенитета — principles of mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty
принципы взаимности — principles / rules of reciprocity, principles of mutuality
принцип взаимности в отношениях между государствами — principle of reciprocity in relations between states
принцип всеобщего уважения и соблюдения прав и основных свобод — principle of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms
принцип "домино" — "domino" principle
принципы, зафиксированные в документе — principles as laid down in the document
принцип мирного сосуществования государств с различными социальными системами — principle of peaceful co-existence of states with different social systems
принцип невмешательства во внутренние дела (страны) — principle of non-interference in the internal / domestic affairs, let-alone principle
принцип ненанесения ущерба безопасности какой-л. из стран — principle of undiminished security for each party
принцип неприменения силы в международных отношениях — principle of non-use of force in international relations
принцип неотмены (уже существующих внешнеторговых льгот и привилегий для развивающихся стран) — standstill principle
принципы, определяющие разоружение и регулирование вооружений — principles governing disarmament and regulation of armaments
принципы, основанные на общих взглядах / мнениях — shared principles
принцип презумпции невиновности юр. — principle of "innocent until proven guilty"
принцип признания свободы социального и политического выбора — principle of freedom of social and political choice
принцип равного отстояния / удаления (при определении границ территориального моря) юр. — equidistance principle, principle of equidistance
принцип справедливости — principle of equity / justice
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4 alejamiento
m.1 remoteness.2 distance (distancia).3 separation (separación) (de objetos).* * *1 (separación) distance, separation2 (enajenación) estrangement* * *SM1) (=distanciamiento) [gen] distance; [como actividad] distancingse ha producido un pequeño alejamiento entre los dos planetas — the two planets have shifted slightly apart o away from each other
la obra supone un alejamiento de la tradición teatral — the work represents a break with o a distancing from theatrical tradition
2) [entre personas]unos meses de alejamiento nos sentarán bien a los dos — a few months away from each other will do us both good, a few months apart will do us good
se produjo un alejamiento entre el gobierno y los ciudadanos — there was a rift between the government and the people
3) [de cargo] removal4) (=actitud distante) detachment* * *a) (de lugar, cargo)b) ( entre personas - físico) separation; (- emocional) rift* * *= alienation, remoteness, remoteness, estrangement, move away from, aloofness, distancing.Ex. Such power groups subsume the individual will as never before, and generate feelings of bewilderment, apathy, violence, alienation.Ex. One of the major problems to be overcome in this unique form of supranational government is that of remoteness.Ex. Their expressed concern is far more with his remoteness, unresponsiveness, lack of sympathy, glibness, or dogmatism.Ex. The key will be to minimize the problems of estrangement and contradiction caused by economic, political, social and cultural imbalances and differences, through greater cultural information dissemination and exchange.Ex. This is a radical move away from the accepted principle of using the actual item as the primary source of cataloguing data.Ex. Social distance, the aloofness and unapproachability of persons of different social strata, is both a symbol of class standing.Ex. Visual problems may be overcome by the correct distancing of screen and keyboard.----* alejamiento de = swing away from.* orden judicial de alejamiento = protection order.* * *a) (de lugar, cargo)b) ( entre personas - físico) separation; (- emocional) rift* * *= alienation, remoteness, remoteness, estrangement, move away from, aloofness, distancing.Ex: Such power groups subsume the individual will as never before, and generate feelings of bewilderment, apathy, violence, alienation.
Ex: One of the major problems to be overcome in this unique form of supranational government is that of remoteness.Ex: Their expressed concern is far more with his remoteness, unresponsiveness, lack of sympathy, glibness, or dogmatism.Ex: The key will be to minimize the problems of estrangement and contradiction caused by economic, political, social and cultural imbalances and differences, through greater cultural information dissemination and exchange.Ex: This is a radical move away from the accepted principle of using the actual item as the primary source of cataloguing data.Ex: Social distance, the aloofness and unapproachability of persons of different social strata, is both a symbol of class standing.Ex: Visual problems may be overcome by the correct distancing of screen and keyboard.* alejamiento de = swing away from.* orden judicial de alejamiento = protection order.* * *1(de un lugar, cargo): su alejamiento del cargo his removal from the postdespués de un alejamiento temporal de la universidad after a short absence from the university2(entre personas): aquel alejamiento sirvió para demostrarles que se querían de verdad that separation helped them see that they really did love each otherel alejamiento entre los dos se profundizó the rift between them deepened, they became increasingly remote from each other* * *alejamiento nm1. [respecto a lugar] distance;el alejamiento de la capital facilitaba la corrupción being so far from the capital made it easier for corruption to flourish2. [distanciamiento] [entre personas] estrangement;se produjo un alejamiento gradual entre los dos hermanos the two brothers gradually grew apart;una crisis nerviosa le llevó a un alejamiento temporal de la música a nervous breakdown led her to give up music for a while;se produjo un alejamiento entre sus posturas their positions grew apart* * *m removal, separation; figdistancing* * *alejamiento nm1) : removal, separation2) : estrangement -
5 distanciamiento
m.1 distance, coldness (afectivo).2 separation, isolation, coming apart, distance.* * *1 distancing, separation* * *SM1) (=acto) spacing out2) (=estado) remoteness, isolation3) (=distancia) distance4) (Teat, Literat) distancing effect* * *se nota un cierto distanciamiento entre ellos — they seem to have grown o drifted apart
* * *= remoteness, rift, estrangement, move away from, aloofness, distancing.Ex. Their expressed concern is far more with his remoteness, unresponsiveness, lack of sympathy, glibness, or dogmatism.Ex. Chief among these challenges is the technological rift that exists between the Third World and on-line systems that have their roots in technologically advanced societies.Ex. The key will be to minimize the problems of estrangement and contradiction caused by economic, political, social and cultural imbalances and differences, through greater cultural information dissemination and exchange.Ex. This is a radical move away from the accepted principle of using the actual item as the primary source of cataloguing data.Ex. Social distance, the aloofness and unapproachability of persons of different social strata, is both a symbol of class standing.Ex. Visual problems may be overcome by the correct distancing of screen and keyboard.----* distanciamiento cada vez mayor entre... y = widening of the gap beween.... and, widening gap between... and.* distanciamiento de = swing away from.* orden judicial de distanciamiento = restraining order.* * *se nota un cierto distanciamiento entre ellos — they seem to have grown o drifted apart
* * *= remoteness, rift, estrangement, move away from, aloofness, distancing.Ex: Their expressed concern is far more with his remoteness, unresponsiveness, lack of sympathy, glibness, or dogmatism.
Ex: Chief among these challenges is the technological rift that exists between the Third World and on-line systems that have their roots in technologically advanced societies.Ex: The key will be to minimize the problems of estrangement and contradiction caused by economic, political, social and cultural imbalances and differences, through greater cultural information dissemination and exchange.Ex: This is a radical move away from the accepted principle of using the actual item as the primary source of cataloguing data.Ex: Social distance, the aloofness and unapproachability of persons of different social strata, is both a symbol of class standing.Ex: Visual problems may be overcome by the correct distancing of screen and keyboard.* distanciamiento cada vez mayor entre... y = widening of the gap beween.... and, widening gap between... and.* distanciamiento de = swing away from.* orden judicial de distanciamiento = restraining order.* * *(acción) distancing(efecto): se nota un cierto distanciamiento entre ellos they seem to have grown o drifted apart* * *
distanciamiento sustantivo masculino distancing: ha habido un distanciamiento entre ellos, they've grown apart
' distanciamiento' also found in these entries:
English:
rift
* * *1. [afectivo] distance, coldness;con los años, se produjo un distanciamiento entre ellos as the years passed, they grew apart;ver un asunto con cierto distanciamiento to consider an issue with a certain detachment2. [de opiniones, posturas] distancing;se ha dado un claro distanciamiento de posturas entre ambos bandos the two sides have adopted more clearly opposing positions* * ** * *1) : distancing2) : rift, estrangement -
6 producto
m.1 product (bien, objeto).productos (agrícolas) produceproducto acabado finished productproducto alimenticio foodstuffproductos de belleza cosmeticsproducto final end productproductos lácteos dairy produceproducto manufacturado manufactured productproducto químico chemical2 result, product (resultado).el accidente fue producto de un despiste del conductor the accident resulted from a lapse of attention on the part of the driver3 product (Mat).4 produce, result, return.* * *1 (gen) product2 MATEMÁTICAS product3 (resultado) result, product4 (provecho) fruit\producto acabado finished productproducto interior bruto gross domestic productproducto nacional bruto gross national productproducto químico chemicalproductos agrícolas agricultural produceproductos alimenticios foodstuffsproductos de belleza cosmeticsproductos de limpieza cleaning products* * *noun m.* * *SM1) (=artículo) productproductos de primera necesidad — staple items, staple products, basic necessities
"consuma productos españoles" — "buy Spanish goods"
productos agrícolas — agricultural produce sing, farm produce sing
productos derivados de la leche — dairy products, dairy produce sing
producto químico — chemical product, chemical
productos de marca — branded goods, brand name goods
productos lácteos — dairy products, dairy produce sing
2) (=producción) production3) (=resultado) result, productla clonación es producto de años de investigación — cloning is the result o product of years of research
4) (Econ) (=beneficio) yield, profitproducto interno bruto — Arg gross domestic product
5) (Mat) product* * *1)a) ( artículo producido) productproductos nacionales — home-produced goods o products
b) ( resultado) result, productsu éxito es el producto de mucho esfuerzo — her success is the result o product of a great deal of effort
todo es producto de su imaginación — it's all a product o a figment of his imagination
2) (Mat) product* * *= commodity, product, offering, emanation.Ex. Neither are the latter group, in the course of their professional activities, likely to feel that the treatment of information as a priceable commodity compromises a principle fundamental to their professional ethic.Ex. Printed title indexes which could be used as elementary subject indexes were one of the first products of computerised information retrieval systems.Ex. Currently SilverPlatter's major offering in this key topic area is 'Food Science and Technology Abstracts'.Ex. CCRC has considered radical things that don't seem to fit in with any of these aims, such as abandoning main entry and restricting corporate authorship by eliminating it entirely, and now euphemistically calling it corporate emanation.----* asociación de compradores de un tipo de productos = consumers union.* comercializar un producto = carry, market + product.* comprar comparando productos = shop around, shopping around.* Denominación Común de Productos Industriales (NIPRO) = Common Nomenclature of Industrial Products (NIPRO).* Denominación de Productos para las Estadísticas del Comercio Externo de la = Nomenclature of Goods for the External Trade Statistics of the Community and Statistics of Trade between Member States (NIMEXE).* desarrollo de nuevos productos = product development.* documentos producto de investigación = research materials.* empresa dedicada al desarrollo de productos = product developer.* energía producto de la fisión = fission energy.* evaluación de los productos = product rating.* exposición de productos artesanales = craft show.* gama de productos = product mix, product range.* gestión de la oferta de productos = range management.* industria de los productos lácteos, la = dairy industry, the.* información de precios de productos para el consumo = retail prices.* información sobre un producto = product literature.* ley de responsabilidad por el producto = product liability law.* línea de productos = product line.* oferta de productos = product offering.* producto agrícola = agricultural product, farm product.* producto alimenticio = food product.* producto bandera = showpiece.* producto básico = staple.* producto bibliográfico = bibliographic product.* producto comercial = commercial product, retail product.* producto cosmético = cosmetic product.* producto cultural = cultural product.* producto de = born of.* producto de consumo = consumable, consumer product, convenience product.* producto de cosmética = cosmetic product.* producto de fumigar = fumigant.* producto de importación = imported product.* producto de la combinación = recombinant.* producto de la imaginación = work of imagination.* producto de la información = information commodity.* producto de la necesidad = born of necessity.* producto del conocimiento = knowledge record.* producto de limpieza = cleaning product, cleanser, cleaner.* producto derivado = outgrowth, by-product [byproduct], spinoff [spin-off], off-shoot [offshoot].* producto derivado de la grasa animal = fat product.* producto desconocido = foreign substance.* producto de temporada = seasonal food, seasonal product.* producto emblemático = showpiece.* producto especializado = specialist product.* producto estrella = star product.* producto farmacéutico = pharmaceutical, pharmaceutical product.* producto final = end product, finished product, deliverable, final product.* producto final, el = finished work, the.* producto fresco = fresh food.* producto higiénico = hygiene product.* producto importado = import, imported product.* producto industrial = industrial product.* producto informativo = information product.* producto inorgánicoquímico = inorganic chemical.* Producto Interior Bruto (PIB) = Gross Domestic Product (GDP).* producto lácteo = dairy product, milk product.* producto lógico = logical product.* producto medicinal = medicinal product.* Producto Nacional Bruto (PNB) = Gross National Product (GNP).* producto natural = natural product.* producto ofrecido = offering.* producto orgánicoquímico = organic chemical.* producto para el hogar = household product.* producto para especialistas = specialist product.* producto para la conservación = preservative.* producto para la higiene = hygiene product.* producto para profesionales = specialist product.* producto petroquímico = petrochemical.* producto principal = staple.* producto profesional = specialist product.* producto promocional = tie-in.* producto químico = chemical, chemical product.* producto químico usado en agricultura = agrochemical.* productos = goods, wares, merchandise.* productos agrícolas = agricultural produce.* productos alimenticios = food supply, supply of food.* productos artesanos en madera = woodcraft.* productos cárnicos = meat products.* productos de confitería = confectionery.* productos decorados con tela escocesa = tartanware.* productos de imitación = imitation goods, replica goods.* productos de pastelería = confectionery.* productos de temporada = seasonal produce.* producto secundario = off-shoot [offshoot], by-product [byproduct].* productos enlatados = tinned goods.* productos impresos = print media.* productos lácteos = dairy produce.* productos manufacturados = manufacturing goods, manufactured goods.* productos nacionales = domestic goods.* productos ópticos = optical media, optical products.* productos perecederos = perishables.* productos prohibidos = contraband.* producto tóxico = toxic.* promoción de productos = product-promoting.* representante de productos farmacéuticos = pharmaceutical company representative.* selección de productos = merchandise selection.* ser producto de = spin off, be the product of.* ser un producto de su tiempo = be a product of + Posesivo + time.* tienda de productos ecológicos = health food shop, health food store.* vender un producto = carry.* volver a promover un producto = rehyping.* * *1)a) ( artículo producido) productproductos nacionales — home-produced goods o products
b) ( resultado) result, productsu éxito es el producto de mucho esfuerzo — her success is the result o product of a great deal of effort
todo es producto de su imaginación — it's all a product o a figment of his imagination
2) (Mat) product* * *= commodity, product, offering, emanation.Ex: Neither are the latter group, in the course of their professional activities, likely to feel that the treatment of information as a priceable commodity compromises a principle fundamental to their professional ethic.
Ex: Printed title indexes which could be used as elementary subject indexes were one of the first products of computerised information retrieval systems.Ex: Currently SilverPlatter's major offering in this key topic area is 'Food Science and Technology Abstracts'.Ex: CCRC has considered radical things that don't seem to fit in with any of these aims, such as abandoning main entry and restricting corporate authorship by eliminating it entirely, and now euphemistically calling it corporate emanation.* asociación de compradores de un tipo de productos = consumers union.* comercializar un producto = carry, market + product.* comprar comparando productos = shop around, shopping around.* Denominación Común de Productos Industriales (NIPRO) = Common Nomenclature of Industrial Products (NIPRO).* Denominación de Productos para las Estadísticas del Comercio Externo de la = Nomenclature of Goods for the External Trade Statistics of the Community and Statistics of Trade between Member States (NIMEXE).* desarrollo de nuevos productos = product development.* documentos producto de investigación = research materials.* empresa dedicada al desarrollo de productos = product developer.* energía producto de la fisión = fission energy.* evaluación de los productos = product rating.* exposición de productos artesanales = craft show.* gama de productos = product mix, product range.* gestión de la oferta de productos = range management.* industria de los productos lácteos, la = dairy industry, the.* información de precios de productos para el consumo = retail prices.* información sobre un producto = product literature.* ley de responsabilidad por el producto = product liability law.* línea de productos = product line.* oferta de productos = product offering.* producto agrícola = agricultural product, farm product.* producto alimenticio = food product.* producto bandera = showpiece.* producto básico = staple.* producto bibliográfico = bibliographic product.* producto comercial = commercial product, retail product.* producto cosmético = cosmetic product.* producto cultural = cultural product.* producto de = born of.* producto de consumo = consumable, consumer product, convenience product.* producto de cosmética = cosmetic product.* producto de fumigar = fumigant.* producto de importación = imported product.* producto de la combinación = recombinant.* producto de la imaginación = work of imagination.* producto de la información = information commodity.* producto de la necesidad = born of necessity.* producto del conocimiento = knowledge record.* producto de limpieza = cleaning product, cleanser, cleaner.* producto derivado = outgrowth, by-product [byproduct], spinoff [spin-off], off-shoot [offshoot].* producto derivado de la grasa animal = fat product.* producto desconocido = foreign substance.* producto de temporada = seasonal food, seasonal product.* producto emblemático = showpiece.* producto especializado = specialist product.* producto estrella = star product.* producto farmacéutico = pharmaceutical, pharmaceutical product.* producto final = end product, finished product, deliverable, final product.* producto final, el = finished work, the.* producto fresco = fresh food.* producto higiénico = hygiene product.* producto importado = import, imported product.* producto industrial = industrial product.* producto informativo = information product.* producto inorgánicoquímico = inorganic chemical.* Producto Interior Bruto (PIB) = Gross Domestic Product (GDP).* producto lácteo = dairy product, milk product.* producto lógico = logical product.* producto medicinal = medicinal product.* Producto Nacional Bruto (PNB) = Gross National Product (GNP).* producto natural = natural product.* producto ofrecido = offering.* producto orgánicoquímico = organic chemical.* producto para el hogar = household product.* producto para especialistas = specialist product.* producto para la conservación = preservative.* producto para la higiene = hygiene product.* producto para profesionales = specialist product.* producto petroquímico = petrochemical.* producto principal = staple.* producto profesional = specialist product.* producto promocional = tie-in.* producto químico = chemical, chemical product.* producto químico usado en agricultura = agrochemical.* productos = goods, wares, merchandise.* productos agrícolas = agricultural produce.* productos alimenticios = food supply, supply of food.* productos artesanos en madera = woodcraft.* productos cárnicos = meat products.* productos de confitería = confectionery.* productos decorados con tela escocesa = tartanware.* productos de imitación = imitation goods, replica goods.* productos de pastelería = confectionery.* productos de temporada = seasonal produce.* producto secundario = off-shoot [offshoot], by-product [byproduct].* productos enlatados = tinned goods.* productos impresos = print media.* productos lácteos = dairy produce.* productos manufacturados = manufacturing goods, manufactured goods.* productos nacionales = domestic goods.* productos ópticos = optical media, optical products.* productos perecederos = perishables.* productos prohibidos = contraband.* producto tóxico = toxic.* promoción de productos = product-promoting.* representante de productos farmacéuticos = pharmaceutical company representative.* selección de productos = merchandise selection.* ser producto de = spin off, be the product of.* ser un producto de su tiempo = be a product of + Posesivo + time.* tienda de productos ecológicos = health food shop, health food store.* vender un producto = carry.* volver a promover un producto = rehyping.* * *A1 (artículo producido) productconsuma productos nacionales buy home-produced goods o productslos productos derivados del petróleo products derived from petroleum, petroleum derivativesproductos de granja farm produce2 (resultado) result, productel acuerdo es el producto de varios meses de negociaciones the agreement is the result o product of several months of negotiationssu éxito es el producto de muchos años de esfuerzo her success is the result o product of many years of effortes el típico producto de esa clase de colegio he's the typical product of that kind of schooltodo es producto de su imaginación it's all a product o a figment of his imaginationCompuestos:foodstuffbeauty product, cosmeticwaste product, by-productbrand name productpromotional itemspin-offgross domestic product, GDPdairy productmanufactured productgross national product, GNPstaplechemical product, chemicalby-productfinished productB ( Mat) product* * *
producto sustantivo masculino
◊ productos agrícolas/de granja agricultural/farm produce;
producto alimenticio foodstuff;
producto lácteo dairy product
producto sustantivo masculino
1 (artículo producido) product
productos alimenticios, foodstuffs
2 Econ producto interior bruto (PIB), gross domestic product (GDP)
3 (consecuencia, resultado) esa enciclopedia es producto del esfuerzo de muchas personas, this encyclopedia is the result of a large team's efforts
' producto' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
accidental
- anestesia
- anunciar
- dañar
- decolorar
- derivado
- doméstica
- doméstico
- duda
- eficaz
- elaborada
- elaborado
- humectante
- indicada
- indicado
- lanzamiento
- liquidar
- liquidación
- mezcla
- muestra
- obra
- PIB
- PNB
- presentar
- presentación
- promoción
- promocionar
- pura
- puro
- salazón
- salida
- sintética
- sintético
- tierra
- abaratar
- bueno
- calidad
- comercializar
- confianza
- consumir
- contener
- contenido
- cosecha
- cotización
- crear
- cultivo
- desatascador
- desgravar
- desprestigiar
- distinguir
English:
accidental
- bring out
- call
- cleanser
- collaboration
- come out
- competition
- deceive
- development
- domestic
- figment
- finish
- flaw
- GDP
- GNP
- Gross National Product
- hype
- impure
- introduce
- introduction
- label
- launch
- launching
- marketable
- moneymaker
- needlework
- one-off
- opportunity
- patent
- produce
- product
- promote
- promotion
- push
- put off
- reputable
- rework
- spin-off
- staple
- stuff
- test
- top-selling
- trial
- unavailable
- window cleaner
- withdraw
- woodcarving
- chemical
- cleaner
- commodity
* * *producto nm1. [bien, objeto] product;productos agrícolas agricultural produce;un producto derivado del petróleo an oil derivativeproducto acabado finished product;producto alimenticio foodstuff;producto básico [de primera necesidad] staple;productos de belleza cosmetics;producto final end product;Esp producto interior bruto gross domestic product; Am producto interno bruto gross domestic product;producto líder product leader;producto manufacturado manufactured product;producto milagro miracle product;producto nacional bruto gross national product;producto de primera necesidad staple;producto químico chemical;productos de la tierra agricultural o farm produce2. [ganancia] profit3. [resultado] result, product;el accidente fue producto de un despiste del conductor the accident was caused by a lapse of attention on the part of the driver;la obra es el producto de un gran esfuerzo colectivo the work is the product of a great collective effort4. Mat product* * *m product;producto acabado finished product* * *producto nm1) : product2) : proceeds pl, yield* * *producto n product -
7 rechazo
m.1 rejection.mostró su rechazo he made his disapproval clearrechazo a hacer algo refusal to do something2 denial.3 rejection (medicine) (de órgano).4 rejected product, cull, rejected material.5 back stroke.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: rechazar.* * *1 rejection, refusal2 MEDICINA rejection3 (negativa) denial, rejection\* * *noun m.rejection, refusal* * *SM1) (=negativa) refusalrechazo frontal — [de propuesta] outright rejection; [de oferta] flat refusal
2) (Med) rejection3) (=rebote) bounce, rebound4) (=desaire) rebuff5) [de fusil] recoil* * *masculino (de invitación, individuo, órgano) rejection; (de moción, enmienda) defeat* * *= rejection, dismissal, condemnation, denial, disapproval, renunciation, revulsion, defeat, disavowal, move away from, repudiation, block, thumbs down, deprecation, denouncement, denunciation, push factor, pushback.Ex. Informative abstracts both aid in the assessment of document relevance and selection or rejection.Ex. One possible result may be the dismissal of reference books, perhaps even libraries, as legitimate sources of information.Ex. This article critically examines Blaise Cronin's condemnation of social responsibility in librarianship.Ex. The obvious alternative would be denial of access to scholarly literature.Ex. A reference librarian must maintain a pleasant expression (rather than a scowl that is easily read as disapproval of present company).Ex. This approach is characterised by the renunciation of attempts to generate the wording of index entries algorithmically.Ex. As part of the worldwide revulsion against the fierce crackdown of peaceful dissidents now occurring in Cuba, the U.S. Congress has voted 414-0 to condemn the Cuban government for raiding 22 libraries.Ex. Indeed, in larger libraries, there are those who regard a referral as tantamount to an admission of defeat.Ex. Nevertheless, it is suggested that Marx's disavowal of religion as a force for instituting a universal class was premature.Ex. This is a radical move away from the accepted principle of using the actual item as the primary source of cataloguing data.Ex. These elite books are distinguished by their visible repudiation of mass culture and commercialism.Ex. Emotional blocks to reading can be formed by an unsatisfactory relationship with a teacher.Ex. The article 'Apple Macintosh: thumbs up? thumbs down?' considers whether online searchers should use Apple Macintosh machines.Ex. It uses humor rather than witticisms, and self-deprecation rather than deprecation of the professional field.Ex. The second document is a denouncement of slavery by Greenwich, who mobilizes the best tradition of scriptural exegesis to make his case.Ex. These denunciations make libraries look both sanctimonious and hypocritical for trying to save the world when they have failed to put ther own house in order.Ex. Unsurprisingly such misuse is triggered by push factors, such as fear of failure, and also pull factors, such as ease of use and the ubiquitous cut and paste.Ex. The public pushback about the new policy is astounding due to the fact folks were previously so apathetic about the old policy.----* Algo que produce rechazo = turn-off.* comportamiento de rechazo = avoidance behaviour.* factor de rechazo = push factor.* rechazo a la lectura = aliteracy.* rechazo total = bold statement against.* * *masculino (de invitación, individuo, órgano) rejection; (de moción, enmienda) defeat* * *= rejection, dismissal, condemnation, denial, disapproval, renunciation, revulsion, defeat, disavowal, move away from, repudiation, block, thumbs down, deprecation, denouncement, denunciation, push factor, pushback.Ex: Informative abstracts both aid in the assessment of document relevance and selection or rejection.
Ex: One possible result may be the dismissal of reference books, perhaps even libraries, as legitimate sources of information.Ex: This article critically examines Blaise Cronin's condemnation of social responsibility in librarianship.Ex: The obvious alternative would be denial of access to scholarly literature.Ex: A reference librarian must maintain a pleasant expression (rather than a scowl that is easily read as disapproval of present company).Ex: This approach is characterised by the renunciation of attempts to generate the wording of index entries algorithmically.Ex: As part of the worldwide revulsion against the fierce crackdown of peaceful dissidents now occurring in Cuba, the U.S. Congress has voted 414-0 to condemn the Cuban government for raiding 22 libraries.Ex: Indeed, in larger libraries, there are those who regard a referral as tantamount to an admission of defeat.Ex: Nevertheless, it is suggested that Marx's disavowal of religion as a force for instituting a universal class was premature.Ex: This is a radical move away from the accepted principle of using the actual item as the primary source of cataloguing data.Ex: These elite books are distinguished by their visible repudiation of mass culture and commercialism.Ex: Emotional blocks to reading can be formed by an unsatisfactory relationship with a teacher.Ex: The article 'Apple Macintosh: thumbs up? thumbs down?' considers whether online searchers should use Apple Macintosh machines.Ex: It uses humor rather than witticisms, and self-deprecation rather than deprecation of the professional field.Ex: The second document is a denouncement of slavery by Greenwich, who mobilizes the best tradition of scriptural exegesis to make his case.Ex: These denunciations make libraries look both sanctimonious and hypocritical for trying to save the world when they have failed to put ther own house in order.Ex: Unsurprisingly such misuse is triggered by push factors, such as fear of failure, and also pull factors, such as ease of use and the ubiquitous cut and paste.Ex: The public pushback about the new policy is astounding due to the fact folks were previously so apathetic about the old policy.* Algo que produce rechazo = turn-off.* comportamiento de rechazo = avoidance behaviour.* factor de rechazo = push factor.* rechazo a la lectura = aliteracy.* rechazo total = bold statement against.* * *1 (de una oferta, propuesta) rejection; (de una moción, enmienda) defeat2 ( Med) (de un órgano) rejection* * *
Del verbo rechazar: ( conjugate rechazar)
rechazo es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
rechazó es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
rechazar
rechazo
rechazar ( conjugate rechazar) verbo transitivo
‹moción/enmienda› to defeat;
‹oferta/trabajo› to turn down
rechazo sustantivo masculino (de invitación, individuo, órgano) rejection;
(de moción, enmienda) defeat
rechazar verbo transitivo
1 (una idea, un plan, a una persona) to reject
(oferta, contrato) to turn down
2 Med (un órgano) to reject
3 Mil to repel
rechazo sustantivo masculino
1 (de una idea, petición, un plan) rejection
2 (desprecio) contempt: mostraron su rechazo al racismo, they showed their contempt for racism
' rechazo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
anda
- constancia
- marginación
- para
- reaccionar
- silbar
- andar
- enérgico
- ni
- repulsa
English:
averse
- defeat
- deny
- dismissal
- refusal
- rejection
- repudiation
- snub
- straight
- strenuous
- vigorous
- will
- denial
- renunciation
* * *rechazo nm1. [no aceptación] rejection;[hacia una ley, un político] disapproval;mostró su rechazo he made his disapproval clear;los ciudadanos mostraron su rechazo al racismo the people made plain their rejection of racism;rechazo a hacer algo refusal to do sth;provocar el rechazo de alguien to meet with sb's disapprovalrechazo social social rejection2. [negación] denial3. Dep clearance* * *m rejection* * *rechazo nm: rejection, refusal* * *rechazo n rejection -
8 vuelta
f.1 turn.dar una vuelta to turn rounddar una vuelta a algo, dar vueltas a algo to turn something round; (girándolo) to go round something (recorriéndolo)darse la vuelta to turn round2 back, other side.dar la vuelta a to turn over (colchón, tortilla, disco, naipe)a la vuelta de la página over the page3 return.estar de vuelta to be back4 lap (sport).vuelta (ciclista) tourvuelta de honor lap of honor5 round (elections, sports).la primera/segunda vuelta (sport) the first/second round6 change (remaining money).7 change (vicissitude).dar la o una vuelta to turn around completely8 turn-up (British), cuff (United States) (of pants); cuff (of sleeve).9 row (knitting).10 walk, spin, stroll, hike.11 turning, spin, twiddle, wheel.12 loop.13 revival, coming back.past part.past participle of spanish verb: volver.* * *1 (giro) turn2 (en un circuito) lap, circuit3 (paseo) walk, stroll4 (regreso, retorno) return; (viaje de regreso) return journey, journey back5 (dinero de cambio) change6 (curva) bend, curve7 (reverso) back, reverse8 (de torneo etc) round9 (cambio) change, alteration11 (al hacer punto) row12 ARQUITECTURA vault13 familiar (de bebidas) round\a la vuelta on the way backa vuelta de correo by return of postandar a vueltas con algo figurado to deal with something, sort something outbuscarle las vueltas a alguien familiar to find fault with somebodycerrar con dos vueltas to double-lockcogerle las vueltas a alguien familiar to have somebody figured outdar la vuelta a (alrededor) to go round 2 (girar) to turn (round) 3 (de arriba abajo) to turn upside down 4 (de dentro a fuera) to turn inside out 5 (cambiar de lado) to turn overdar la vuelta al mundo to go round the worlddar una vuelta en coche to go for a drive, go for a spindar vueltas to turn round, go round, rotate, spin■ llevo toda la tarde dando vueltas por el centro buscando ese disco I've been walking round town all afternoon looking for that recorddar vueltas a algo figurado to worry about something■ ¡no lo des más vueltas! don't worry about it!darle cien vueltas a alguien figurado to run rings round somebodydarse una vuelta por casa de alguien to drop by and see somebodydar media vuelta to turn roundestar a la vuelta de la esquina to be just around the cornerestar de vuelta to be backestar de vuelta de todo to have seen it all before¡hasta la vuelta! see you when I get back!la cabeza me da vueltas figurado my head is spinningla vida da muchas vueltas familiar life is full of ups and downsno tener vuelta de hoja figurado to be beyond doubtponer a alguien de vuelta y media figurado to pull somebody to piecesla vuelta ciclista a España the Tour of Spainla vuelta al ruedo (en los toros) lap of honour (US honor)vuelta de campana somersault* * *noun f.1) turn2) revolution3) return4) round5) stroll, walk, ride6) bend, curve7) change8) back* * *SUSTANTIVO FEMENINO1) (=giro)•
¡ media vuelta! — (Mil) about turn!, about face! (EEUU)los soldados dieron media vuelta — the soldiers did an about-turn o(EEUU) an about-face
estaba cerrado y tuvimos que darnos media vuelta — it was closed so we had to turn round and go back
vuelta al ruedo — (Taur) circuit of the ring made by a triumphant bullfighter
dar la vuelta (=volverse) to turn roundvuelta de campana —
dar vueltasdar la vuelta a — [+ llave, manivela] to turn; [+ página] to turn (over)
dar vueltas sobre un eje — to turn on o spin round an axis
el avión dio vueltas y más vueltas antes de aterrizar — the plane circled round and round before landing
dar vueltas a algo darle vueltas a algn•
dar vueltas alrededor de un planeta — to go o revolve round a planetdarse la vuelta (de pie) to turn round; (tumbado) to turn overestaba mareado y todo me daba vueltas — I was dizzy and everything was going o spinning round
me di la vuelta porque me estaba quemando la espalda — I turned over because my back was getting burnt
2) (=otro lado) [de hoja] back, other side; [de tela] wrong sidea la vuelta de la página — on the next page, overleaf
dale la vuelta al jersey — (=ponlo del derecho) turn the jumper the right way out; (=ponlo del revés) turn the jumper inside out
dale la vuelta al vaso — (=ponlo boca arriba) turn the glass the right way up; (=ponlo boca abajo) turn the glass upside down
las elecciones están ya a la vuelta de la esquina — the elections are almost upon us o just around the corner
3) (=regreso)a) (=acción)¿para cuándo tenéis prevista la vuelta? — when do you expect to be back?
¡hasta la vuelta! — see you when I/you get back
este acuerdo supone una vuelta a la normalidad — the agreement means that things should get back to normal
"vuelta al colegio" — "back to school"
•
de vuelta — on the way backde vuelta, iremos a verlos — we'll go and see them on the way back
•
estar de vuelta — (lit) to be back¿meterme en política? a mi edad uno ya está de vuelta de todo — go into politics? I'm too old for that sort of thing
si cierras la vuelta el billete sale más barato — the ticket is cheaper if you specify the return date
•
dar una vuelta, dimos una vuelta por el parque — we went for a stroll in the parknos dio una vuelta en su coche — he gave us a ride in his car, he took us for a spin in his car *
si quieres ver pobreza date una vuelta por esta zona — if you want to see poverty take a walk round here
5) (en camino, ruta)una carretera con muchas vueltas — a road with lots of bends o twists and turns in it
por este camino se da mucha más vuelta — it's much further this way, this is a much longer way round
6) (a un circuito, pista) lap; (Golf) round7) (Ciclismo) tour8) (=ronda) [de elección, torneo, bebidas] round9) (=dinero suelto) change10) (=cambio)este acontecimiento dio la vuelta a las negociaciones — this event changed the direction of the talks completely
11) (=cabo, fin)12) (de cuerda) loopvuelta de cabo — (Náut) hitch
13) (Cos) [de puntos] row; [de pantalón] turn-up, cuff (EEUU)14)a vueltas con algo —
¡ya estamos otra vez a vueltas con la guerra! — not the war again!
te da cien (mil) vueltas — she can run rings round you, she's miles better than you
- dar la vuelta a algndarle vueltas a algo —
no tiene vuelta de hoja —
tenemos que hacerlo ya y no hay más vuelta de hoja — we've got to do it now, there are no two ways about it o there's no alternative
- poner a algn de vuelta y media* * *1)a) ( circunvolución)da vueltas alrededor de su eje — it spins o turns on its axis
todo/la cabeza me da vueltas — everything's/my head's spinning
me pasé el día dando vueltas tratando de encontrarlo — I spent the whole day going from pillar to post trying to find it
andarse con vueltas — (fam) to beat about the bush (colloq)
buscarle las vueltas a alguien — (fam) to try to catch somebody out
buscarle la vuelta a algo — (CS fam) to try to find a way of doing something
no tener vuelta — (Chi fam) to be a hopeless case
b) (Dep) ( en golf) round; ( en carreras) lapc) ( en carretera) bend2) ( giro)darle vuelta a algo — <llave/manivela> to turn something
darle vueltas a algo — to think about something
poner a alguien de vuelta y media — (fam) to tear into somebody (AmE colloq), to tear somebody off a strip (BrE colloq)
3)a)darle la vuelta a algo — a disco/colchón to turn... (over); a calcetín ( ponerlo - del derecho) turn... the right way out; (- del revés) turn... inside out; a copa ( ponerla - boca arriba) to turn... the right way up; (- boca abajo) to turn... upside down
dar la vuelta a la página — to turn the page, turn over
no hay vuelta que darle — (fam) there are no two ways about it
no tener vuelta de hoja: sus argumentos no tienen vuelta de hoja you can't argue with the things she says; eso no tiene vuelta de hoja — there are no two ways about it
b) (para cambiar de dirección, posición)dar la vuelta — (Auto) to turn (around)
4) (CS)dar vuelta — disco/colchón to turn... over; calcetín ( ponerlo - del derecho) to turn... the right way out; (- del revés) to turn... inside out; copa ( ponerla - boca arriba) to turn... the right way up; (- boca abajo) to turn... upside down
dar vuelta la página — to turn the page, turn over
¿damos vuelta aquí? — (Auto) shall we turn (around) here?
darse vuelta — persona to turn (around); vehículo to overturn; embarcación to capsize
5)a) ( paseo)dar una vuelta — ( a pie) to go for a walk; ( en coche) to go for a drive; ( en bicicleta) to go for a ride
b) ( con un propósito)6)a)a la vuelta: escríbelo a la vuelta write it on the other side o on the back; vive a la vuelta she lives around the corner; a la vuelta de la esquina — just around the corner
b)vuelta y vuelta — (Coc) rare
7)a) ( regreso) return; ( viaje de regreso) return journeycuando tú vas yo ya estoy de vuelta — I'm way ahead of you
b)a vuelta de correo — by return mail (AmE), by return (of post) (BrE)
8)a) ( a un estado anterior)b) (fam) ( indicando repetición)vuelta con lo mismo! — there you/there they go again! (colloq)
9)a) (Esp) ( cambio) changeb) vueltas (Col) (cambio, dinero suelto) change10)a) ( en elecciones) roundb) ( de bebidas) round11) (Per, RPl fam)a) ( vez) timeb)12)a) ( de collar) strandb) ( en labores de punto) row; ( en costura) facing; ( de pantalones) cuff (AmE), turn-up (BrE)13) (Náut) bend* * *= reversion, swing back, wander, twist, throwback, comeback, whirl, twirl.Ex. In fact, the ISBD appears as a reversion to the principle of transcription of the title pages which was not to be affected by the presence or absence of the author heading.Ex. In the 1960s there has been a swing back towards the general scheme and its problems.Ex. The article is entitled 'Memories of Otago and Southland libraries and librarians: an unmethodical wander'.Ex. 'But human creatures must not help each other nor must they make any maudlin twist'.Ex. These methods, a throwback to the early 20th century, constitute an excellent basis for sustainable agriculture, which aims to reduce consumption of plant protection products.Ex. Fish hawks needed a helping hand and their comeback is one of the great wildlife success stories of our time.Ex. Like a whirl of shiny flakes sparkling in a snow globe, Hubble catches an instantaneous glimpse of many hundreds of thousands of stars.Ex. Always make sure your partner is in control of their own movement before letting go after a twirl.----* a la vuelta de = on the return leg of.* billete de avión de ida y vuelta = round-trip airfare.* billete de ida y vuelta = return ticket, round-trip ticket.* colocación del material de vuelta en los estantes = shelving.* colocación de los documentos de vuelta en los estantes = reshelving.* dándose una vuelta en coche = out for a spin.* dar cien mil vueltas = beat + Nombre + hands down, win + hands down.* dar la vuelta = turn + Nombre + (a)round, flip, swing around, swing back, turn (a)round.* dar la vuelta a = round, turn on + its head.* dar la vuelta en el aire = give + a toss.* darle cien mil vueltas a Alguien = knock + spots off + Nombre.* darle la vuelta a la tortilla = turn + the tables (on).* darle vueltas a = agonise over [agonize, -USA], dwell on/upon.* darle vueltas a Algo = mull over.* darle vueltas a la idea = toy with, toy with + idea of.* darle vueltas a la idea de = flirt with + the idea of.* darle vueltas a un asunto = chew + the cud.* darle vueltas a un problema = puzzle over + problem.* dar media vuelta = do + an about-face.* darse media vuelta = turn on + Posesivo + heel.* dar una vuelta de campana = capsize, somersault, do + a somersault.* dar una vuelta en coche = go out for + a drive.* dar un vuelta de campana = summersault.* dar vueltas = whirl, wind, mill around, twirl, gyrate, spin.* dar vueltas como un trompo = go around and around.* dar vueltas sin avanzar = go round in + circles.* dar vueltas y vueltas = go around and around.* de ida y vuelta = return, round-trip.* de vuelta = on the way back, redux.* el futuro + estar + justo a la vuelta de la esquina = the future + be + just around the corner.* encontrar el camino de vuelta = find + Posesivo + way back.* encuentro de vuelta = second leg.* entrada de vuelta = flowing back.* enviar de vuelta = send back.* estar a la vuelta de la esquina = be just around the corner.* estar de vuelta = be back.* estar de vuelta dentro de + Expresión Tempora = be back in + Expresión Temporal.* girar media vuelta = swing in + a half-circle.* hacer dar vueltas = gyrate.* justo a la vuelta de la esquina = just around the corner.* media vuelta = about-face.* partido de vuelta = second leg, home game.* que hay que dar muchas vueltas = circuitous.* salir a dar una vuelta = go out.* salir a dar una vuelta en coche = go out for + a drive.* vuelo de ida y vuelta = return flight.* vuelta a casa = homecoming, journey home.* vuelta a la normalidad = return to normalcy.* vuelta a la vida = resuscitation, resurrection.* vuelta al cole = back-to-school.* vuelta atrás = fall-back [fallback].* vuelta de campana = somersault, summersault.* vuelta de campana hacia atrás = backflip.* * *1)a) ( circunvolución)da vueltas alrededor de su eje — it spins o turns on its axis
todo/la cabeza me da vueltas — everything's/my head's spinning
me pasé el día dando vueltas tratando de encontrarlo — I spent the whole day going from pillar to post trying to find it
andarse con vueltas — (fam) to beat about the bush (colloq)
buscarle las vueltas a alguien — (fam) to try to catch somebody out
buscarle la vuelta a algo — (CS fam) to try to find a way of doing something
no tener vuelta — (Chi fam) to be a hopeless case
b) (Dep) ( en golf) round; ( en carreras) lapc) ( en carretera) bend2) ( giro)darle vuelta a algo — <llave/manivela> to turn something
darle vueltas a algo — to think about something
poner a alguien de vuelta y media — (fam) to tear into somebody (AmE colloq), to tear somebody off a strip (BrE colloq)
3)a)darle la vuelta a algo — a disco/colchón to turn... (over); a calcetín ( ponerlo - del derecho) turn... the right way out; (- del revés) turn... inside out; a copa ( ponerla - boca arriba) to turn... the right way up; (- boca abajo) to turn... upside down
dar la vuelta a la página — to turn the page, turn over
no hay vuelta que darle — (fam) there are no two ways about it
no tener vuelta de hoja: sus argumentos no tienen vuelta de hoja you can't argue with the things she says; eso no tiene vuelta de hoja — there are no two ways about it
b) (para cambiar de dirección, posición)dar la vuelta — (Auto) to turn (around)
4) (CS)dar vuelta — disco/colchón to turn... over; calcetín ( ponerlo - del derecho) to turn... the right way out; (- del revés) to turn... inside out; copa ( ponerla - boca arriba) to turn... the right way up; (- boca abajo) to turn... upside down
dar vuelta la página — to turn the page, turn over
¿damos vuelta aquí? — (Auto) shall we turn (around) here?
darse vuelta — persona to turn (around); vehículo to overturn; embarcación to capsize
5)a) ( paseo)dar una vuelta — ( a pie) to go for a walk; ( en coche) to go for a drive; ( en bicicleta) to go for a ride
b) ( con un propósito)6)a)a la vuelta: escríbelo a la vuelta write it on the other side o on the back; vive a la vuelta she lives around the corner; a la vuelta de la esquina — just around the corner
b)vuelta y vuelta — (Coc) rare
7)a) ( regreso) return; ( viaje de regreso) return journeycuando tú vas yo ya estoy de vuelta — I'm way ahead of you
b)a vuelta de correo — by return mail (AmE), by return (of post) (BrE)
8)a) ( a un estado anterior)b) (fam) ( indicando repetición)vuelta con lo mismo! — there you/there they go again! (colloq)
9)a) (Esp) ( cambio) changeb) vueltas (Col) (cambio, dinero suelto) change10)a) ( en elecciones) roundb) ( de bebidas) round11) (Per, RPl fam)a) ( vez) timeb)12)a) ( de collar) strandb) ( en labores de punto) row; ( en costura) facing; ( de pantalones) cuff (AmE), turn-up (BrE)13) (Náut) bend* * *= reversion, swing back, wander, twist, throwback, comeback, whirl, twirl.Ex: In fact, the ISBD appears as a reversion to the principle of transcription of the title pages which was not to be affected by the presence or absence of the author heading.
Ex: In the 1960s there has been a swing back towards the general scheme and its problems.Ex: The article is entitled 'Memories of Otago and Southland libraries and librarians: an unmethodical wander'.Ex: 'But human creatures must not help each other nor must they make any maudlin twist'.Ex: These methods, a throwback to the early 20th century, constitute an excellent basis for sustainable agriculture, which aims to reduce consumption of plant protection products.Ex: Fish hawks needed a helping hand and their comeback is one of the great wildlife success stories of our time.Ex: Like a whirl of shiny flakes sparkling in a snow globe, Hubble catches an instantaneous glimpse of many hundreds of thousands of stars.Ex: Always make sure your partner is in control of their own movement before letting go after a twirl.* a la vuelta de = on the return leg of.* billete de avión de ida y vuelta = round-trip airfare.* billete de ida y vuelta = return ticket, round-trip ticket.* colocación del material de vuelta en los estantes = shelving.* colocación de los documentos de vuelta en los estantes = reshelving.* dándose una vuelta en coche = out for a spin.* dar cien mil vueltas = beat + Nombre + hands down, win + hands down.* dar la vuelta = turn + Nombre + (a)round, flip, swing around, swing back, turn (a)round.* dar la vuelta a = round, turn on + its head.* dar la vuelta en el aire = give + a toss.* darle cien mil vueltas a Alguien = knock + spots off + Nombre.* darle la vuelta a la tortilla = turn + the tables (on).* darle vueltas a = agonise over [agonize, -USA], dwell on/upon.* darle vueltas a Algo = mull over.* darle vueltas a la idea = toy with, toy with + idea of.* darle vueltas a la idea de = flirt with + the idea of.* darle vueltas a un asunto = chew + the cud.* darle vueltas a un problema = puzzle over + problem.* dar media vuelta = do + an about-face.* darse media vuelta = turn on + Posesivo + heel.* dar una vuelta de campana = capsize, somersault, do + a somersault.* dar una vuelta en coche = go out for + a drive.* dar un vuelta de campana = summersault.* dar vueltas = whirl, wind, mill around, twirl, gyrate, spin.* dar vueltas como un trompo = go around and around.* dar vueltas sin avanzar = go round in + circles.* dar vueltas y vueltas = go around and around.* de ida y vuelta = return, round-trip.* de vuelta = on the way back, redux.* el futuro + estar + justo a la vuelta de la esquina = the future + be + just around the corner.* encontrar el camino de vuelta = find + Posesivo + way back.* encuentro de vuelta = second leg.* entrada de vuelta = flowing back.* enviar de vuelta = send back.* estar a la vuelta de la esquina = be just around the corner.* estar de vuelta = be back.* estar de vuelta dentro de + Expresión Tempora = be back in + Expresión Temporal.* girar media vuelta = swing in + a half-circle.* hacer dar vueltas = gyrate.* justo a la vuelta de la esquina = just around the corner.* media vuelta = about-face.* partido de vuelta = second leg, home game.* que hay que dar muchas vueltas = circuitous.* salir a dar una vuelta = go out.* salir a dar una vuelta en coche = go out for + a drive.* vuelo de ida y vuelta = return flight.* vuelta a casa = homecoming, journey home.* vuelta a la normalidad = return to normalcy.* vuelta a la vida = resuscitation, resurrection.* vuelta al cole = back-to-school.* vuelta atrás = fall-back [fallback].* vuelta de campana = somersault, summersault.* vuelta de campana hacia atrás = backflip.* * *A1(circunvolución): la Tierra da vueltas alrededor del Sol the earth goes around the sunda vueltas alrededor de su eje it spins o turns on its axistiene ganas de dar la vuelta al mundo she wants to go around the worldel tiovivo daba vueltas y más vueltas the merry-go-round went round and roundtodo me da vueltas everything's spinning o going round and roundme da vueltas la cabeza my head's spinningdar una vuelta a la manzana to go around the blockvamos a tener que dar toda la vuelta we'll have to go all the way aroundla carta dio la vuelta por toda la oficina the letter went all around the office¡las vueltas que da la vida! how things change!, life's full of ups and downs!¡qué vuelta han dado! they've changed their tune!me pasé el día dando vueltas tratando de encontrar ese libro I spent the whole day going from pillar to post trying to find that bookandar a vueltas con algo ( fam); to be working on sthbuscarle las vueltas a algn ( fam); to try to catch sb outdarle cien or cien mil vueltas a algn ( fam); to be miles o heaps better than sb ( colloq), to be streets ahead of sb ( colloq)en cuanto a iniciativa te da cien mil vueltas she beats you hands down for initiativedar más vueltas que una noria or que burro de noria or que una peonza or que un trompo ( fam): para encontrarlo tuve que dar más vueltas que una noria I had to go all over the place to find ithay que dar dos vueltas alrededor del campo de fútbol you have to do two laps of the football field3 (en una carretera) bendel camino da muchas vueltas the road winds about a lotel autobús no va directo, da muchas vueltas the bus isn't direct, it takes a very roundabout routeCompuestos:( Taur) lap of honorcycle race, tourlap of honor*B(giro): le dio dos vueltas a la llave he turned the key twicedale otra vuelta give it another turndarle vueltas a una manivela to crank o turn a handledarle vueltas a algo to think about sthno le des tantas or más vueltas al asunto stop agonizing o worrying about itle he dado vueltas y más vueltas al problema I've gone over the problem time and again, I've given the problem a lot of thoughtponer a algn de vuelta y media ( fam); to tear into sb ( AmE colloq), tear sb off a strip ( BrE colloq)C1 (para poner algo al revés) turndarle la vuelta a algo ‹a un colchón/una tortilla› to turn, turn … over;‹a un cuadro› to turn … arounddale la vuelta a la página turn the page, turn overdales la vuelta a los calcetines (ponerlos — del derecho) turn the socks the right way out; (— del revés) turn the socks inside outdarle la vuelta a una copa (ponerla — boca arriba) to turn a glass the right way up; (— boca abajo) to turn a glass upside down2(para cambiar de dirección, posición): se dio la vuelta para ver quién era she turned (around) to see who it wases difícil dar la vuelta aquí ( Auto) it's difficult to turn (around) hereel paraguas se me dio la vuelta my umbrella blew inside outno hay vuelta que darle ( fam); there are no two ways about it, there's no doubt about itno tener vuelta de hoja: sus argumentos no tienen vuelta de hoja you can't argue with the things she sayses el mejor de todos, eso no tiene vuelta de hoja he's the best of the lot, there's no doubt about it o there are no two ways about ithay que hacerlo personalmente, eso no tiene vuelta de hoja it has to be done in person, there's no way around itD(CS): dar vuelta: da vuelta el colchón turn the mattress (over)dar vuelta un cuadro to turn a picture arounddar vuelta una media (ponerla — del derecho) to turn a sock the right way out; (— del revés) to turn a sock inside outdar vuelta una copa (ponerla — boca arriba) to turn a glass the right way up; (— boca abajo) to turn a glass upside downdar vuelta la página to turn the page, turn overdio vuelta la cara she looked away¿damos vuelta aquí? ( Auto) shall we turn (around) here?se dio vuelta sorprendido he turned around in surprisese dio vuelta en la cama she turned over in bedse me dio vuelta el paraguas my umbrella blew inside outCompuestos:el coche dio una vuelta de campana the car turned (right) over(CS) somersault( Méx) cartwheel( Méx) handspring(vuelta completa) 360 degree turn, complete turn; (media vuelta) 180 degree turn, half turn(cambio radical): el tiempo ha dado una vuelta en redondo the weather has changed completelyen cuanto a su política económica, han dado una vuelta en redondo as for their economic policy, they've done a U-turn o a volte-face o they've completely changed directionE1fuimos a dar una vuelta en bicicleta we went out for a ride on our bikesme llevó a dar una vuelta en su coche nuevo she took me out for a drive in her new car2a ver cuándo te das una vuelta por casa drop in and see us some timeF1(lado): escríbelo a la vuelta write it on the other side o on the backvive aquí a la vuelta she lives just around the cornera la vuelta de la esquina just around the cornerlos exámenes ya están a la vuelta de la esquina the exams are just around the corner2(cabo): a la vuelta de los años nos volvimos a encontrar we met again years later3vuelta y vuelta (de la carne) rare, done very quickly on each sideG vueltasA1 (regreso) return; (viaje de regreso) return journeyno tiene dinero para la vuelta he doesn't have enough money for the return journey/to get back/to get homea la vuelta paramos en Piriápolis para almorzar on the way back we stopped in Piriápolis for luncha la vuelta se encontró con que lo habían despedido when he got back o on his return he found he had been fired¡hasta la vuelta! see you when you get back!vuelta A algo return TO sthsu vuelta a las tablas her return to the stageun boleto ( AmL) or ( Esp) billete de ida y vuelta a round-trip ticket ( AmE), a return ticket ( BrE)te lo presto, pero ida y vuelta ¿eh? ( fam); I'll lend it to you, but I want it back, OK?estar de vuelta: ya está de vuelta de las vacaciones she's back from her holidays now¿te crees que soy tonto? mira que cuando tú vas yo ya estoy de vuelta I'm not stupid you know, I'm way ahead of you¿enamorada yo? hija, yo ya estoy de vuelta de esas cosas me in love? I grew out of that sort of thing a long time agoestoy de vuelta de toda sorpresa I've seen it all before, nothing surprises me any more2B (a un estado anterior) vuelta A algo return TO sthla vuelta a la normalidad the return to normalityC ( fam)¡y vuelta a discutir! they're arguing again!, there they go again! ( colloq)quédese con la vuelta keep the changeA1 (en elecciones) round2 (de bebidas) roundesta vuelta la pago yo this round's on me, I'm buying o getting this roundB (Per, RPl)esta vuelta les ganamos we'll beat them this timevolví otra vuelta I went back again2lo hizo de vuelta she did it againA1 (en labores de punto) row2 (de un collar) strandC ( Náut) bend* * *
vuelta sustantivo femenino
1a) ( circunvolución):
da vueltas alrededor de su eje it spins o turns on its axis;
dar la vuelta al mundo to go around the world;
todo/la cabeza me da vueltas everything's/my head's spinning;
dar una vuelta a la manzana to go around the block;
dar toda la vuelta to go all the way around
( en carreras) lap;◊ vuelta al ruedo (Taur) lap of honor;
vuelta ciclista cycle race, tour
el autobús da muchas vueltas the bus takes a very roundabout route
2 ( giro):
dale otra vuelta give it another turn;
el coche dio una vuelta de campana the car turned (right) over;
vuelta (de) carnero (CS) somersault;
vuelta en redondo ( vuelta completa) 360 degree turn, complete turn;
( cambio radical) U-turn
3a)
‹ a calcetín› ( ponerlo — del derecho) to turn … the right way out;
(— del revés) to turn … inside out;
‹ a copa› ( ponerla — boca arriba) to turn … the right way up;
(— boca abajo) to turn … upside down;
b) (para cambiar de dirección, posición):◊ dar la vuelta (Auto) to turn (around);
darse la vuelta to turn (around)
4 (CS)
‹ calcetín› ( ponerlo — del derecho) to turn sth the right way out;
(— del revés) to turn sth inside out;
‹ copa› ( ponerla — boca arriba) to turn sth the right way up;
(— boca abajo) to turn sth upside down;
dio vuelta la cara she looked away;
¿damos vuelta aquí? (Auto) shall we turn (around) here?;
darse vuelta [ persona] to turn (around);
[ vehículo] to overturn;
[ embarcación] to capsize
5 ( paseo):
( en coche) to go for a drive;
( en bicicleta) to go for a ride
6a)
b)◊ vuelta y vuelta (Coc) rare
7
( viaje de regreso) return journey;
a la vuelta se encontró con una sorpresa when he got back he found a surprise;
¡hasta la vuelta! see you when you get back!b) ( a un estado anterior) vuelta a algo return to sth
8
b)
9
(Per, RPl fam) ( vez) time;
( de collar) strand;
( en labores de punto) row;
( de pantalones) cuff (AmE), turn-up (BrE)
vuelta sustantivo femenino
1 (regreso) return: ya estamos de vuelta, we are back already
2 (giro, circunvolución) turn
(volverse) dar la vuelta, (a un disco, una página) to turn over
dar la vuelta al mundo, to go around the world
dar media vuelta, to turn round
todo me da vueltas, everything is spinning
dar vueltas sobre su eje, to spin on its axis
a la vuelta de la esquina, just around the corner
vuelta de campana, somersault
vuelta en redondo, complete turn
3 Dep (ciclista) tour
(en carreras) lap
4 Com (cambio) change
♦ Locuciones: (a un asunto, problema) darle vueltas a algo, to think about sthg, be worried about sthg
dar(se) una vuelta, to go for a walk
familiar no hay/tiene vuelta de hoja, there's no doubt about it
poner de vuelta y media, to insult
a vuelta de correo, by return of post
' vuelta' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
así
- billete
- campana
- fresca
- giro
- ida
- partida
- partido
- volver
- ahí
- boleto
- como
- dar
- en
- girar
- mano
- manzana
- medio
- pasaje
- regreso
- revolcón
- ronda
- venida
- viaje
- voltear
English:
about
- about-face
- about-turn
- around
- back
- back off
- block
- change
- circuit
- corner
- cruise
- day
- dig around
- doorstep
- drive
- flash
- forbidding
- from
- gone
- grind
- gyrate
- intermission
- joyride
- keep
- kink
- lap
- navigate
- park
- post
- return
- return match
- return ticket
- roll over
- round
- run
- saddle
- somersault
- spin
- stroll
- swing
- turn
- turn about
- turn around
- turn over
- turn-up
- twirl
- twist
- wait about
- wait around
- walk around
* * *vuelta nf1. [giro] [hecho] turn;[acción] turning;dar una vuelta to turn round;dar vueltas: la Tierra da vueltas sobre su eje the Earth spins on its axis;la Luna da vueltas alrededor de la Tierra the Moon goes round the Earth;dar vueltas en la cama to toss and turn in bed;este autobús da mucha(s) vuelta(s) this bus goes all over the place;la cabeza me da vueltas my head's spinning;dar una vuelta a algo, dar vueltas a algo [girándolo] to turn sth round;[recorriéndolo] to go round sth;le dio dos vueltas a la llave she turned the key twice;dio una vuelta a la manzana/al mundo he went round the block/world;dar la vuelta to turn back;[tumbado] to turn over;media vuelta Mil about-turn;[en automóvil] U-turn;dar media vuelta Mil to do an about-turn;[en automóvil] to do a U-turn;andar a vueltas con algo [gestionándolo] to be working on sth;[insistiendo en ello] to go on about sth;buscarle las vueltas a alguien to look for a chance to catch sb out;Famdar la vuelta a la tortilla to turn the tables;Famesta bici le da cien vueltas a la tuya this bike is miles better than yours;darle vueltas a algo [pensarlo mucho] to turn sth over in one's mind;no le des más vueltas stop worrying about it, just forget about it;no paro de darle vueltas I can't stop thinking about it;Famponer a alguien de vuelta y media [criticar] to call sb all the names under the sun;[regañar] to give sb a good telling-off vuelta de campana:dar una vuelta/dos vueltas de campana [vehículo] to turn over once/twice;RP vuelta carnero somersault; Arg vuelta al mundo [noria] Br big wheel, US Ferris wheel2. [parte opuesta] back, other side;a la vuelta on the back, on the other side;a la vuelta de la esquina round the corner;a la vuelta de la página over the page;el filete lo quiero vuelta y vuelta I'd like my steak very rare;dar (la) vuelta (a) la página to turn the page (over);dar (la) vuelta (a) un jersey/calcetín [ponerlo del derecho] to turn a sweater/sock the right way out;[ponerlo del revés] to turn a sweater/sock inside out;dar (la) vuelta (a) un vaso [ponerlo boca arriba] to turn a glass the right way up;[ponerlo boca abajo] to turn a glass upside down;no tiene vuelta de hoja there are no two ways about it;CSuresto no tiene vuelta there's no getting away from it3. [regreso] return;la vuelta al trabajo/colegio siempre es dura it's never easy going back to work/school;vuelta al colegio [como título, en letrero] back to school;el vuelo de vuelta the return flight;en el camino de vuelta on the way back;de vuelta en el hotel, tomé un baño once I was back at the hotel, I had a bath;estar de vuelta (de) to be back (from);a la vuelta: pasaré a visitarte a la vuelta I'll visit you on the o my way back;te veré a la vuelta I'll see you when I get back;¡hasta la vuelta! see you when you get back!;estar de vuelta de algo to be blasé about sth;estar de vuelta de todo to have seen it all before4. [viaje de regreso] return journey;¿para qué fecha tienes la vuelta? when are you coming back?;no he cerrado la vuelta todavía I haven't booked the return journey yet [with open return ticket];a la vuelta de unos años at the end of o after a few years;a la vuelta de publicidad… [en televisión] after the break…6. [devolución] return;te lo presto, pero lo quiero de vuelta mañana I'll lend it to you, but I want it back tomorrow;RP Fam¿me prestás tu lapicera? – sí, pero tiene una vuelta can you lend me your pencil? – yes, but I'll be wanting it back;[en bicicleta, motocicleta] to go for a ride; [en automóvil] to go for a drive o spin;dar vueltas [en automóvil] to drive round and round;date una vuelta por aquí cuando quieras come round whenever you like;el vigilante se dio una vuelta por la oficina the guard had a look round the office8. [a circuito, estadio] lap;deberán dar veinte vueltas al circuito they will have to run twenty lapsvuelta de calentamiento [en automovilismo] warm-up lap;vuelta de honor lap of honour;Taurom vuelta al ruedo bullfighter's lap of honourla Vuelta (Ciclista) a España the Tour of Spain10. [curva] bend;la carretera da muchas vueltas the road twists and turns a great deal11. [dinero sobrante] change;quédese con la vuelta keep the change12. [ronda] [de elecciones, competición deportiva] round;la primera/segunda vuelta the first/second round13. [cambio, avatar] change;las vueltas que da la vida how things change!14. [de pantalón] Br turn-up, US cuff;[de manga] cuff15. [en labor de punto] rowme lo preguntó de vuelta he asked me again* * *f1 ( regreso) return;a la vuelta on the way back;estar de vuelta be back;estar de vuelta de todo fam have seen it all before;no tiene vuelta atrás there is no turning back2 ( devolución):me dio de vuelta tres dólares he gave me three dollars change3 en carrera lap;dar media vuelta turn round;dar una vuelta de campana AUTO turn over;dar vueltas go to and fro; ( girar) go around;la cabeza me da vueltas my head is spinning;dar vuelta a una idea turn an idea over in one’s mind;dar una vuelta go for a walk;dar cien vueltas a alguien fam be a hundred times better than s.o. fam ;poner a alguien de vuelta y media fam give s.o. a dressing-down4:a la vuelta de la esquina fig just around the corner;a la vuelta de pocos años a few years later;buscarle las vueltas a alguien fam try to catch s.o. out;no tiene vuelta de hoja there’s no doubt about it* * *vuelta nf1) giro: turnse dio la vuelta: he turned around2) revolución: circle, revolutiondio la vuelta al mundo: she went around the worldlas ruedas daban vueltas: the wheels were spinning3) : flip, turnle dio la vuelta: she flipped it over4) : bend, curvea la vuelta de la esquina: around the corner5) regreso: returnde ida y vuelta: round tripa vuelta de correo: return mail6) : round, lap (in sports or games)7) paseo: walk, drive, ridedio una vuelta: he went for a walk8) dorso, revés: back, other sidea la vuelta: on the back9) : cuff (of pants)darle vueltas : to think overestar de vuelta : to be back* * *vuelta n1. (regreso) return2. (giro) turn3. (en una carrera) lap4. (cambio) changedar vueltas a algo to go over something / to think about somethingvuelta ciclista cycle race / tour -
9 Historical Portugal
Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims inPortugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and theChurch (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict untilUN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU. -
10 основа
1) General subject: b, background, base, basis, bottom, cement (союза), essential, fond, foundation, foundation stone, frame, framework, fundamental, grass roots, grass-roots, groundwork, hardpan (чего-л.), hub, juice, keystone, marrow, principium, principium (действия, устройства), principle, radical (основ), skeleton, soul, source, spine, staff, staple (чего-л.), stem, substruction, the nuts and bolts, the pith and marrow, theme, underpinning, warp (ткани), warp and woof, backbone, frame work, footing, centrepiece2) Aviation: starting point4) Engineering: back, backing, base material, base stock, emulsion carrier, haircloth (хлопчатобумажной, полотняной п шерстяной ткани), origin, substrate, substratum, support5) Chemistry: base (несущий слой), basics, body, backsize7) Anatomy: stroma8) Mathematics: fundamentals, parent, principles, stem (of a word)9) Economy: pivot10) Accounting: foundation (экономики)11) Pharmacology: vehicle13) Diplomatic term: formula14) Painting: support (материал, на который наносится картина; полотно, дерево и т.п.)16) Polygraphy: carcass17) Psychology: hypothesis18) Abbreviation: gd20) Electronics: host material21) Information technology: base (носителя записи), element, handle, heart, (пластины жестого диска) substrate material (пластина диска состоит из основы (substrate material) и магнитного покрытия (magnetic media coating), на которое записываются магнитные импульсы)22) Oil: backing (несущий слой), base (сплава, бурового раствора), base (бурового раствора, нефти), base (бурового раствора, нефти)23) Astronautics: ground24) Banking: vast bulk (vast bulk of the industry’s assets)25) Silicates: base surface27) Drilling: matrice material28) Polymers: body (лакокрасочного материала)29) Automation: (принципиальная) backbone, basic, framework (напр. логической схемы)30) Quality control: principle (устройства)32) Makarov: abb (ткани), base (опора, каркас, остов), base (подложка), base material (соединения), base paper (бумага-основа), basis (в абстрактном или переносном значениях), beam thread (ткани), bed-rock (рассуждения и т.п.), carrier, core (ткани), ends (ткани), fountain, framework (логической схемы), haircloth (хлопчатобумажной, полотняной и шерстяной ткани), host material (соединения), immovable foundation, life, mother, padding (клеёнки, линолеума), principle (действия, устройства), sinew, staff and staple, substrate (подложка), support (печатной платы), underlay, vehicle (краски, лака)33) Electrochemistry: parent plate -
11 Berliner, Emile
SUBJECT AREA: Recording[br]b. 20 May 1851 Hannover, Germanyd. 3 August 1929 Montreal, Canada[br]German (naturalized American) inventor, developer of the disc record and lateral mechanical replay.[br]After arriving in the USA in 1870 and becoming an American citizen, Berliner worked as a dry-goods clerk in Washington, DC, and for a period studied electricity at Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, New York. He invented an improved microphone and set up his own experimental laboratory in Washington, DC. He developed a microphone for telephone use and sold the rights to the Bell Telephone Company. Subsequently he was put in charge of their laboratory, remaining in that position for eight years. In 1881 Berliner, with his brothers Joseph and Jacob, founded the J.Berliner Telephonfabrik in Hanover, the first factory in Europe specializing in telephone equipment.Inspired by the development work performed by T.A. Edison and in the Volta Laboratory (see C.S. Tainter), he analysed the existing processes for recording and reproducing sound and in 1887 developed a process for transferring lateral undulations scratched in soot into an etched groove that would make a needle and diaphragm vibrate. Using what may be regarded as a combination of the Phonautograph of Léon Scott de Martinville and the photo-engraving suggested by Charles Cros, in May 1887 he thus demonstrated the practicability of the laterally recorded groove. He termed the apparatus "Gramophone". In November 1887 he applied the principle to a glass disc and obtained an inwardly spiralling, modulated groove in copper and zinc. In March 1888 he took the radical step of scratching the lateral vibrations directly onto a rotating zinc disc, the surface of which was protected, and the subsequent etching created the groove. Using well-known principles of printing-plate manufacture, he developed processes for duplication by making a negative mould from which positive copies could be pressed in a thermoplastic compound. Toy gramophones were manufactured in Germany from 1889 and from 1892–3 Berliner manufactured both records and gramophones in the USA. The gramophones were hand-cranked at first, but from 1896 were based on a new design by E.R. Johnson. In 1897–8 Berliner spread his activities to England and Germany, setting up a European pressing plant in the telephone factory in Hanover, and in 1899 a Canadian company was formed. Various court cases over patents removed Berliner from direct running of the reconstructed companies, but he retained a major economic interest in E.R. Johnson's Victor Talking Machine Company. In later years Berliner became interested in aeronautics, in particular the autogiro principle. Applied acoustics was a continued interest, and a tile for controlling the acoustics of large halls was successfully developed in the 1920s.[br]Bibliography16 May 1888, Journal of the Franklin Institute 125 (6) (Lecture of 16 May 1888) (Berliner's early appreciation of his own work).1914, Three Addresses, privately printed (a history of sound recording). US patent no. 372,786 (basic photo-engraving principle).US patent no. 382,790 (scratching and etching).US patent no. 534,543 (hand-cranked gramophone).Further ReadingR.Gelatt, 1977, The Fabulous Phonograph, London: Cassell (a well-researched history of reproducible sound which places Berliner's contribution in its correct perspective). J.R.Smart, 1985, "Emile Berliner and nineteenth-century disc recordings", in WonderfulInventions, ed. Iris Newson, Washington, DC: Library of Congress, pp. 346–59 (provides a reliable account).O.Read and W.L.Welch, 1959, From Tin Foil to Stereo, Indianapolis: Howard W.Sams, pp. 119–35 (provides a vivid account, albeit with less precision).GB-N -
12 ley
f.law (norma, precepto).de buena ley reliable, sterlingley marcial martial lawley de la oferta y la demanda law of supply and demandla ley de la selva the law of the jungle* * *2 (de metal) purity\aprobar una ley to pass a billcon todas las de la ley proper¡es ley de vida! that's life!, that's the way the cookie crumbles!estar fuera de la ley to be outside the lawhecha la ley, hecha la trampa whatever the law, there's always a loophole, laws are made to be brokenpor ley by lawla ley del más fuerte the law of the jungleley del embudo double standards pluralley marcial martial lawley orgánica constitutional lawley sálica Salic lawley seca prohibition law* * *noun f.1) law2) purity* * *SF1) (=precepto) lawaprobar o votar una ley — to pass a law
de acuerdo con la ley, según la ley — in accordance with the law, by law, in law
con todas las de la ley —
quieren crear una fundación con todas las de la ley — they want to set up a fully-fledged charitable trust
va a protestar, y con todas las de la ley — he's going to complain and rightly so
quiere celebrar su aniversario con todas las de la ley — she wants to celebrate her anniversary in style
ley de fugas, se le aplicó la ley de fugas — he was shot while trying to escape
2) (=regla no escrita) lawley de la calle — mob law, lynch law
ley del Talión — ( Hist) lex talionis; (fig) (principle of) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth
3) (=principio científico) lawley natural — (Fís) law of nature; (Ética) natural law
4) (Dep) rule, law5) (Rel)la ley de Dios — the rule of God, God's law
6) (Metal)oro de ley — pure gold, standard gold
7) † (=lealtad) loyalty, devotiontener/tomar ley a algn — to be/become devoted to sb
* * *1) ( disposición legal) lawes ley de vida — it is a fact of life
hacerle la ley del hielo a alguien — (Chi, Méx) to give somebody the cold shoulder
la ley de la selva or de la jungla — the law of the jungle
la ley del mínimo esfuerzo — the line of least resistance
morir en su ley — (Andes) to die as one lived
ley pareja no es dura — (CS) a rule isn't unfair if it applies to everyone
- ley seca2) ( justicia)con todas las de la ley: ganó con todas las de la ley she won very deservedly; una comida con todas las de la ley a proper meal; una democracia con todas las de la ley — a fully-fledged democracy
3) (Fís) law4) (de oro, plata) assay value* * *= bill, law, legislative enactment, act.Ex. The conference debated a library bill which aims to set up public libraries in all municipalities with over 30,000 inhabitants.Ex. A catalogue code is a systematic arrangement of laws and statutes so as to avoid inconsistency and duplication in catalogues.Ex. Apply this rule to legislative enactments and decrees of a political jurisdiction and decrees of a chief executive having the force of law.Ex. This act allowed for the establishment of town libraries, which were free and open to all ratepayers and provided by funds from local rates.----* acatar la ley = follow + the law.* acatar las leyes = keep on + the right side of the law.* al borde de la ley = on the edge of the law.* al margen de la ley = extra-judicial.* ante la ley = at law.* anteproyecto de ley = draft of legislation, draft bill.* aprobar una ley = pass + law, pass + legislation, pass + bill.* ausencia de ley = anomie.* autoridad sancionadora de ley = enactor of law.* castigar con todo el peso de la ley = punish + to the full extent of the law.* confección de leyes = law-making [lawmaking/law making].* con todas las de la ley = full-bodied, full-fledged, full-scale.* con todo el peso de la ley = to the full extent of the law.* contravenir la ley = contravene + the law, break + the law.* contravenir una ley = be in breach of + law.* creación de leyes = rulemaking [rule-making].* creador de leyes = rule-maker [rulemaker].* cumplidor de las leyes = law abiding.* cumplir la ley = observe + the law.* de acuerdo con la ley = according to law.* de ley = kosher.* dentro de la ley = within the law.* elaboración de leyes = rulemaking [rule-making].* espíritu de la ley, el = spirit of the law, the.* formulación de leyes = rulemaking [rule-making].* hacer cumplir la ley = law enforcement, enforce + law, legal enforcement.* hacer las leyes más estrictas = tighten + laws.* infractor de la ley = scofflaw.* infringir la ley = break + the law.* infringir una ley = infringe + law, violate + law, breach + law, be in breach of + law.* interpretar la ley = interpret + the law.* interpretar la ley según le convenga mejor a Uno = bend + the rules to suit + Posesivo + own purposes, bend + the rules, circumvent + rules.* ir en contra de la ley = be against the law.* legislación por decreto ley = delegated legislation.* ley antigua = ancient law.* ley antiterrorista = terrorism act.* ley consuetudinaria = customary law.* ley cósmica = cosmic law.* ley de bibliotecas = library law.* ley de bibliotecas, la = library act, the.* ley de copyright = copyright law.* ley de derechos de autor = copyright law.* ley de dispersión = law of scattering.* Ley de Dispersión de Bradford = Bradford's distribution law, Bradford's Law of Scatter, Bradford's Law of Scattering.* ley de frecuencias de palabras de Zipf = Zipf's word frequency law.* ley de la gravedad, la = law of gravity, the.* ley de la oferta y la demanda = law of supply and demand.* ley de la selva, la = law of the jungle, the.* Ley del Derecho a la Privacidad = privacy law, privacy protection law, Privacy Act.* ley del más fuerte, la = law of the jungle, the, law of the jungle, the, survival of the fittest, survival of the strongest.* Ley de los Medicamentos Raros, la = Orphan Drug Act, the.* ley de los rendimientos decrecientes = law of diminishing returns.* Ley de Lotka, la = Lotka's Law.* ley del secreto industrial = trade secret law.* ley de Pareto = Pareto's law.* ley de pesos y medidas = weights and measures act.* ley de productividad científica de Lotka = Lotka's scientific productivity law.* Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, la = intellectual property law, Copyright Act, the.* ley de relación exponencial inversa al cuadrado = inverse square law.* ley de relación exponencial inversa al cubo = inverse cube law.* ley de responsabilidad por el producto = product liability law.* Ley de Simplificación de los Procesos Administrativos = Paperwork Reduction Act.* ley de sucesión = inheritance law.* ley de vida = fact of life, laws of nature.* ley draconiana = draconian law.* leyes = the law of the land.* leyes científicas = laws of physics.* leyes contra la difamación = laws of libel.* leyes de la ciencia = laws of physics.* leyes de la física = laws of physics.* leyes de la naturaleza = nature's laws, laws of nature.* leyes sobre la igualdad = equity laws.* leyes sobre patentes = patent law.* leyes vigentes = the law of the land.* ley exponencial = power law.* ley exponencial inversa = inverse power law.* ley marcial = martial law.* Ley Patriótica, La = USA Patriot Act, the.* ley penal = penal law.* ley sobre contratos = contract law.* ley sucesoria = inheritance law.* ley tribal = tribal law.* ley tributaria = tax bill.* no infringir las leyes = stay on + the right side of the law, keep on + the right side of the law.* obedecer la ley = observe + the law, follow + the law.* organismo encargado de hacer cumplir la ley = law enforcing agency.* por ley = mandated.* promulgar leyes = enact + legislation.* promulgar una ley = enact + law, promulgate + rule, promulgate + law.* proteger por ley = protect by + law.* proyecto de ley = green paper, legislative bill.* quebrantar la ley = break + the law.* rechazar una ley = defeat + legislation.* redactar leyes = draft + legislation.* redactar una ley = draft + law.* respetar la ley = observe + the law.* respetar las leyes = stay on + the right side of the law, keep on + the right side of the law.* respetuoso de la ley = law abiding.* saltarse la ley a la torera = flout + the law.* ser responsable ante la ley = be criminally liable.* tener problemas con la ley = fall + foul of the law, go + afoul of the law, fall + afoul of the law.* transgresor de la ley = lawbreaker.* valor de ley = force of law.* violación de la ley = breach of legislation.* violar una ley = violate + law, break + the law, be in breach of + law.* * *1) ( disposición legal) lawes ley de vida — it is a fact of life
hacerle la ley del hielo a alguien — (Chi, Méx) to give somebody the cold shoulder
la ley de la selva or de la jungla — the law of the jungle
la ley del mínimo esfuerzo — the line of least resistance
morir en su ley — (Andes) to die as one lived
ley pareja no es dura — (CS) a rule isn't unfair if it applies to everyone
- ley seca2) ( justicia)con todas las de la ley: ganó con todas las de la ley she won very deservedly; una comida con todas las de la ley a proper meal; una democracia con todas las de la ley — a fully-fledged democracy
3) (Fís) law4) (de oro, plata) assay value* * *= bill, law, legislative enactment, act.Ex: The conference debated a library bill which aims to set up public libraries in all municipalities with over 30,000 inhabitants.
Ex: A catalogue code is a systematic arrangement of laws and statutes so as to avoid inconsistency and duplication in catalogues.Ex: Apply this rule to legislative enactments and decrees of a political jurisdiction and decrees of a chief executive having the force of law.Ex: This act allowed for the establishment of town libraries, which were free and open to all ratepayers and provided by funds from local rates.* acatar la ley = follow + the law.* acatar las leyes = keep on + the right side of the law.* al borde de la ley = on the edge of the law.* al margen de la ley = extra-judicial.* ante la ley = at law.* anteproyecto de ley = draft of legislation, draft bill.* aprobar una ley = pass + law, pass + legislation, pass + bill.* ausencia de ley = anomie.* autoridad sancionadora de ley = enactor of law.* castigar con todo el peso de la ley = punish + to the full extent of the law.* confección de leyes = law-making [lawmaking/law making].* con todas las de la ley = full-bodied, full-fledged, full-scale.* con todo el peso de la ley = to the full extent of the law.* contravenir la ley = contravene + the law, break + the law.* contravenir una ley = be in breach of + law.* creación de leyes = rulemaking [rule-making].* creador de leyes = rule-maker [rulemaker].* cumplidor de las leyes = law abiding.* cumplir la ley = observe + the law.* de acuerdo con la ley = according to law.* de ley = kosher.* dentro de la ley = within the law.* elaboración de leyes = rulemaking [rule-making].* espíritu de la ley, el = spirit of the law, the.* formulación de leyes = rulemaking [rule-making].* hacer cumplir la ley = law enforcement, enforce + law, legal enforcement.* hacer las leyes más estrictas = tighten + laws.* infractor de la ley = scofflaw.* infringir la ley = break + the law.* infringir una ley = infringe + law, violate + law, breach + law, be in breach of + law.* interpretar la ley = interpret + the law.* interpretar la ley según le convenga mejor a Uno = bend + the rules to suit + Posesivo + own purposes, bend + the rules, circumvent + rules.* ir en contra de la ley = be against the law.* legislación por decreto ley = delegated legislation.* ley antigua = ancient law.* ley antiterrorista = terrorism act.* ley consuetudinaria = customary law.* ley cósmica = cosmic law.* ley de bibliotecas = library law.* ley de bibliotecas, la = library act, the.* ley de copyright = copyright law.* ley de derechos de autor = copyright law.* ley de dispersión = law of scattering.* Ley de Dispersión de Bradford = Bradford's distribution law, Bradford's Law of Scatter, Bradford's Law of Scattering.* ley de frecuencias de palabras de Zipf = Zipf's word frequency law.* ley de la gravedad, la = law of gravity, the.* ley de la oferta y la demanda = law of supply and demand.* ley de la selva, la = law of the jungle, the.* Ley del Derecho a la Privacidad = privacy law, privacy protection law, Privacy Act.* ley del más fuerte, la = law of the jungle, the, law of the jungle, the, survival of the fittest, survival of the strongest.* Ley de los Medicamentos Raros, la = Orphan Drug Act, the.* ley de los rendimientos decrecientes = law of diminishing returns.* Ley de Lotka, la = Lotka's Law.* ley del secreto industrial = trade secret law.* ley de Pareto = Pareto's law.* ley de pesos y medidas = weights and measures act.* ley de productividad científica de Lotka = Lotka's scientific productivity law.* Ley de Propiedad Intelectual, la = intellectual property law, Copyright Act, the.* ley de relación exponencial inversa al cuadrado = inverse square law.* ley de relación exponencial inversa al cubo = inverse cube law.* ley de responsabilidad por el producto = product liability law.* Ley de Simplificación de los Procesos Administrativos = Paperwork Reduction Act.* ley de sucesión = inheritance law.* ley de vida = fact of life, laws of nature.* ley draconiana = draconian law.* leyes = the law of the land.* leyes científicas = laws of physics.* leyes contra la difamación = laws of libel.* leyes de la ciencia = laws of physics.* leyes de la física = laws of physics.* leyes de la naturaleza = nature's laws, laws of nature.* leyes sobre la igualdad = equity laws.* leyes sobre patentes = patent law.* leyes vigentes = the law of the land.* ley exponencial = power law.* ley exponencial inversa = inverse power law.* ley marcial = martial law.* Ley Patriótica, La = USA Patriot Act, the.* ley penal = penal law.* ley sobre contratos = contract law.* ley sucesoria = inheritance law.* ley tribal = tribal law.* ley tributaria = tax bill.* no infringir las leyes = stay on + the right side of the law, keep on + the right side of the law.* obedecer la ley = observe + the law, follow + the law.* organismo encargado de hacer cumplir la ley = law enforcing agency.* por ley = mandated.* promulgar leyes = enact + legislation.* promulgar una ley = enact + law, promulgate + rule, promulgate + law.* proteger por ley = protect by + law.* proyecto de ley = green paper, legislative bill.* quebrantar la ley = break + the law.* rechazar una ley = defeat + legislation.* redactar leyes = draft + legislation.* redactar una ley = draft + law.* respetar la ley = observe + the law.* respetar las leyes = stay on + the right side of the law, keep on + the right side of the law.* respetuoso de la ley = law abiding.* saltarse la ley a la torera = flout + the law.* ser responsable ante la ley = be criminally liable.* tener problemas con la ley = fall + foul of the law, go + afoul of the law, fall + afoul of the law.* transgresor de la ley = lawbreaker.* valor de ley = force of law.* violación de la ley = breach of legislation.* violar una ley = violate + law, break + the law, be in breach of + law.* * *A (disposición legal) lawconforme a la leyor según disponen las leyes in accordance with the lawpromulgar/dictar una ley to promulgate/issue a lawaprobar/derogar una ley to pass/repeal a lawaplicar una ley to apply a lawse acogió a la ley de ciudadanía he sought protection under the citizenship lawviolar la ley to break the lawatenerse a la ley to abide by o obey the lawes ley de vida it is a fact of lifehacerle la ley del hielo a algn (Chi, Méx); to give sb the cold shoulderla ley de la selva or de la jungla the law of the junglela ley del más fuerte the survival of the fittestla ley del mínimo esfuerzo the line of least resistancela ley del Talión an eye for an eyeaplicar la ley del Talión to demand an eye for an eyemorir en su ley ( Andes); to die as one livedhecha la ley hecha la trampa or quien hace la ley hace la trampa every law has its loopholeley pareja no es dura or rigurosa (CS); a rule isn't unfair if it applies to everyoneCompuestos:(en Esp) ≈ immigration laws (pl)(Andes, Méx): aplicarle a algn la ley de fuga(s) the practice of allowing a prisoner to escape and then shooting him/her in the backadvantage ruleunfair law/ruleorganic law● ley secala ley seca Prohibitiontax lawB(justicia): la ley the lawtodos somos iguales ante la ley we are all equal in the eyes of the law o under the lawun representante de la ley a representative of the lawcon todas las de la ley: ganó con todas las de la ley she won very fairly o rightly o deservedlyun almuerzo con todas las de la ley a proper o real lunchCompuestos:martial lawSalic lawC1 (regla natural) lawlas leyes de la física the laws of physics2 ( Bib) lawCompuestos:law of gravitylaw of supply and demandfpl Mendel's laws (pl)D (de oro, plata) assay valuede buena ley genuine* * *
ley sustantivo femenino
1 ( en general) law;
iguales ante la ley equal in the eyes of the law;
ley de la oferta y la demanda law of supply and demand;
la ley del más fuerte the survival of the fittest;
ley pareja no es dura (CS) a rule isn't unfair if it applies to everyone
2 (de oro, plata) assay value
ley sustantivo femenino law
Rel la ley del aborto, the abortion law
la ley judía/cristiana, Jewish/Christian law
ley marcial, martial law
una ley de protección del patrimonio artístico, a law on artistic heritage protection
la ley de la selva, the law of the jungle
Pol proyecto de ley, bill
♦ Locuciones: es una persona de ley, he's a reliable person
oro de ley, pure gold
plata de ley, sterling silver
' ley' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
acogerse
- adelante
- anteproyecto
- anular
- anulación
- aplicarse
- aprobar
- calle
- codificar
- decreto
- derogación
- dictar
- estatuto
- formular
- hallar
- igualdad
- impugnar
- infringir
- LOGSE
- observar
- oposición
- oro
- plata
- proscrita
- proscrito
- proyecto
- radical
- reformar
- regir
- relajar
- respetar
- retroactiva
- retroactivo
- rigor
- sálica
- sálico
- sancionar
- selva
- someterse
- supresión
- suprimir
- tabla
- talión
- título
- universal
- vigencia
- vigente
- vigor
- violar
- violación
English:
act
- apply
- arm
- bill
- breach
- break
- bring in
- carry
- date back to
- date from
- defy
- effect
- enact
- enforce
- equal
- fingertip
- frame
- framework
- full-fledged
- go through
- implement
- infringe
- infringement
- introduce
- introduction
- jungle
- keep
- law
- legal
- letter
- liberal
- move
- muscle
- obey
- observance
- observe
- pass
- passing
- provoke
- repeal
- repudiate
- reversal
- revival
- revive
- scope
- section
- sod
- stand
- state
- statutory
* * *ley nf1. [norma] law;[parlamentaria] act;hecha la ley, hecha la trampa laws are made to be broken;leyes [derecho] lawley de extranjería immigration law;ley de fugas = illegal execution of prisoner, pretending that he was shot while trying to escape;ley fundamental basic law, constitutional law;ley de incompatibilidades = act regulating which other positions may be held by people holding public office;ley marcial martial law;Pol ley marco framework law; Pol ley orgánica organic law; Hist ley sálica Salic law;ley seca prohibition law;Dep ley de la ventaja advantage (law);aplicar la ley de la ventaja to play the advantage2. [precepto religioso] lawla ley coránica Koranic law;la ley judía Jewish law3. [principio] lawFam ley del embudo one law for oneself and another for everyone else;la ley del más fuerte the survival of the fittest;la ley del mínimo esfuerzo: [m5] seguir la ley del mínimo esfuerzo to take the line of least resistance;ley natural law of nature;ley de la oferta y de la demanda law of supply and demand;la ley de la selva the law of the jungle;la ley del talión an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth;no cree en la ley del talión she doesn't believe in “an eye for an eye”;ley de vida: [m5] es ley de vida it's a fact of life4.la ley [la justicia] the law;la igualdad ante la ley equality before the law;Famcon todas las de la ley: ganaron con todas las de la ley they won fair and square;ser de ley [situación] to be right and proper;[persona] to be totally trustworthy [plata] sterling;de buena ley reliable, sterling;de mala ley crooked, disreputable* * *f law;es la ley del más fuerte might is right;una ley no escrita an unwritten law;con todas las de la ley fairly and squarely* * *ley nf1) : lawfuera de la ley: outside the lawla ley de gravedad: the law of gravity2) : purity (of metals)oro de ley: pure gold* * *ley n law -
13 raíz
f.1 root, radicle.2 root, bottom, center.3 radical, stem, stem of the word, root.4 root, nth root.* * *► nombre femenino (pl raíces)1 root\arrancar de raíz to pull up by the roots, uproot 2 figurado to eradicatede raíz entirelyraíz cuadrada square rootraíz cúbica cube root* * *noun f.* * *SF1) [de planta] rootde raíz —
2) [de diente, pelo] root3) (Mat)4) (=origen) rootla bebida fue la raíz de todos sus males — drink was the root cause o was at the root of all his troubles
5)6) (Ling) root7) (Inform) root* * *1)a) (Bot) rootde raíz: arrancar una planta de raíz to uproot a plant; arranca el vello de raíz it removes the hair at the roots; eliminaron de raíz el problema they eradicated the problem; echar raíces — planta to take root; persona to put down roots; costumbre/doctrina to take root
b) (de diente, pelo) root2) (Ling) root3)a) (Mat) rootraíz cuadrada/cúbica — square/cube root
b) (Inf)4)a) ( origen) rootb)* * *= root, root, root, stem, root element, root cause.Ex. There will be occasions when it is difficult to see any helpful principle; for example, in what order should we arrange grain crops, root crops, legumes, etc. in the crops facet in Agriculture?.Ex. However, many indexing systems have evolved over the last century, and have their roots in a time when detailed specification of subjects was unnecessary.Ex. The procedure begins by matching strings of characters in the title word with roots, or stems, of words stored in computer memory.Ex. Some subjects have one stem, for example, sterilizer, sterilizing, sterilized, sterilization.Ex. The structure of a hierarchical file can be represented as a tree with a single root element at the top, plus node elements at the ends of the branches that spread out from the top to the bottom.Ex. This article highlights the root causes of nativism against both immigrants and U.S. immigration policy arising from increasing legal and illegal immigration.----* agrupar palabras que tienen la misma raíz = merge + word forms.* a raíz de = in the wake of.* cepillo de raíces = scrubbing brush.* cortar Algo de raíz = nip + Nombre + in the bud, nip + Nombre + in the bud.* echar raíces = settle down, root.* las raíces se remontan = roots + lie.* las raíces se remontan a = roots + lie.* olvidarse de las raíces de Uno = forget + Posesivo + roots.* raíz cuadrada = square root.* raíz del problema, la = root of the problem, the.* raíz de palabra = word stem.* raíz histórica = historical root.* reducción de una palabra a su raíz = stemming.* reducir una palabra a su raíz = stem.* Tesauro Raíz = Root Thesaurus.* * *1)a) (Bot) rootde raíz: arrancar una planta de raíz to uproot a plant; arranca el vello de raíz it removes the hair at the roots; eliminaron de raíz el problema they eradicated the problem; echar raíces — planta to take root; persona to put down roots; costumbre/doctrina to take root
b) (de diente, pelo) root2) (Ling) root3)a) (Mat) rootraíz cuadrada/cúbica — square/cube root
b) (Inf)4)a) ( origen) rootb)* * *= root, root, root, stem, root element, root cause.Ex: There will be occasions when it is difficult to see any helpful principle; for example, in what order should we arrange grain crops, root crops, legumes, etc. in the crops facet in Agriculture?.
Ex: However, many indexing systems have evolved over the last century, and have their roots in a time when detailed specification of subjects was unnecessary.Ex: The procedure begins by matching strings of characters in the title word with roots, or stems, of words stored in computer memory.Ex: Some subjects have one stem, for example, sterilizer, sterilizing, sterilized, sterilization.Ex: The structure of a hierarchical file can be represented as a tree with a single root element at the top, plus node elements at the ends of the branches that spread out from the top to the bottom.Ex: This article highlights the root causes of nativism against both immigrants and U.S. immigration policy arising from increasing legal and illegal immigration.* agrupar palabras que tienen la misma raíz = merge + word forms.* a raíz de = in the wake of.* cepillo de raíces = scrubbing brush.* cortar Algo de raíz = nip + Nombre + in the bud, nip + Nombre + in the bud.* echar raíces = settle down, root.* las raíces se remontan = roots + lie.* las raíces se remontan a = roots + lie.* olvidarse de las raíces de Uno = forget + Posesivo + roots.* raíz cuadrada = square root.* raíz del problema, la = root of the problem, the.* raíz de palabra = word stem.* raíz histórica = historical root.* reducción de una palabra a su raíz = stemming.* reducir una palabra a su raíz = stem.* Tesauro Raíz = Root Thesaurus.* * *A1 ( Bot) rootde raíz: arrancar una planta de raíz to uproot a plant, to pull a plant up by the rootsarranca el vello de raíz it removes the hair at the rootseliminaron de raíz el problema de la droga they eradicated the drug problemechar raíces «planta» to root, take root;«persona» to put down roots; «costumbre/doctrina» to take root, take holduna costumbre que no ha echado raíces aquí a custom which has not taken root o taken hold o caught on here2 (de un diente, pelo) rootB ( Ling) rootC1 ( Mat) rootraíz cuadrada/cúbica square/cube root2 ( Inf):está en el directorio raíz it's in the root directoryD1 (origen) rootla raíz de todos los males de la sociedad the root of all society's illseste problema tiene raíces políticas the roots of this problem are politicalhay que atacar este mal en su raíz we have to attack the root causes of this evil, we have to attack this evil at its rootsla tradición tiene sus raíces en los países nórdicos the tradition originated in the Nordic countriestiene sus raíces en la Alta Edad Media it has its roots in o it dates back to the Early Middle Agesesta secta tiene sus raíces en la India this sect originated in India2a raíz de as a result ofa raíz de los acontecimientos del pasado martes as a result of o following last Tuesday's events* * *
raíz sustantivo femenino ( en general) root;
‹ vello› to remove … at the roots;◊ raíz cuadrada (Mat) square root;
a raíz de as a result of;
echar raíces [planta/costumbre/ideología] to take root;
[ persona] to put down roots
raíz sustantivo femenino root
la raíz del problema, the heart of the matter
Mat raíz cuadrada/cúbica, square/cube root
♦ Locuciones: a raíz de, as a result of, in the wake of
de raíz, at the root of: cortaron el problema de raíz, they nipped the problem in the bud
' raíz' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
arrancar
- cúbica
- cúbico
- cuajo
- lonja
- profundo
English:
cube
- nip
- root
- root out
- root up
- square
- stem
- tear up
- free
- result
- strain
- up
* * *♦ nf1. [de planta] root;la solución tiene que ser de raíz the solution has to attack the heart of the problem;arrancar algo de raíz [planta] to root sth out completely;el gobierno cortó de raíz el levantamiento the government nipped the uprising in the bud;eliminaron de raíz el problema del terrorismo the problem of terrorism was stamped out;echar raíces [árbol, planta] to take root;[persona] to put down roots raíz tuberosa tuberous root2. [de pelo, muela] root3. [origen] origin;de raíces humildes of humble origins;la costumbre tiene su raíz en la España del siglo XV the custom has its roots o origin in 15th century Spain4. [causa] root;el dinero es la raíz de todos sus males money is at the root of all her problems5. Ling root6. Informát root7. Mat rootraíz cuadrada square root;raíz cúbica cube root♦ a raíz de loc prepas a result of, following;se produjo un gran escándalo a raíz de sus declaraciones his statements caused outrage* * *f1 root;arrancar de raíz pull up by the root;cortar algo de raíz fig nip sth in the bud;a raíz de as a result of2 MAT:raíz cuadrada/cúbica square/cube root* * *1) : root2) : origin, source3)a raíz de : following, as a result of4)echar raíces : to take root* * *raíz n root -
14 необходимо
(= нужно) it is necessary, it is essential• В более сложных системах необходимо... - In more complicated systems, it is necessary to...• В подобной ситуации необходимо... - In such a situation, it is necessary to...• В самом деле, необходимо... - It is in fact necessary to...• В связи с этим необходимо отметить, что... - In this connection, it should be noted that...• В то же время необходимо объяснить, что... - At the same time it must be explained that...• Во многих инженерных приложениях необходимо рассматривать... - In many engineering applications, it is necessary to consider...• Во многих приложениях это и есть все что необходимо. - In many applications this is all that is required.• Возникает вопрос, действительно ли обратное (утверждение и т. п.) является необходимым. - A question arises as to whether the converse necessarily holds.• Вот почему было необходимо (показать и т. п.)... - That is why it has been necessary to...• Вряд ли здесь необходимо говорить о том, что... - It hardly needs to be stated that...• Вряд ли необходимо подчеркивать тот факт, что... - It is hardly necessary to stress the fact that...• Все, что необходимо здесь сказать, это... - All that need be said now is that...• Все, что необходимо - это заметить, что... - All that is necessary is to observe that...• Для лучшего понимания процесса необходимо... - In order to have a better understanding of the process, it is necessary to...• Для последующего нам необходимо одно обобщение (чего-л). - In the sequel we require a generalization of...• Для этого нам необходима концепция... - For this we require the concept of...• Еще очень многое необходимо сделать в этой области. - Much remains to be done in this area.• Заметьте, что необходимо (сделать что-л). - Notice that it is necessary to...• Здесь необходимо сделать одно предостережение. - A word of warning is necessary here.• Изредка необходимо... - Occasionally, it is necessary to...• Имеется один нюанс, о котором здесь необходимо сказать. - There is a subtle point that should be mentioned here.• На этом этапе необходимо отметить очень важный факт. - At this stage a very important fact must be pointed out.• Наконец, необходимо допустить, что... - Finally, it must be granted that...• Нам все еще необходимо решить как (действовать и т. п.)... - We have yet to decide how to...• Нам необходима некоторая гарантия того, что... - At the very least some assurance is needed that...• Нам необходимо еще одно условие, чтобы определить... - We need one more condition to determine...• Нам необходимо еще раз... - Once again it is necessary to...• Нам необходимо найти число... - We wish to find the number of...• Нам необходимо одно определение. - We need a definition.• Нам необходимо найти решение... - We need to determine the solution of...• Нам необходимо рассмотреть более подробно практические последствия... - We need to consider in more detail the practical implications of...• Нам необходимы более точные определения, потому что... - More exact definitions are necessary because...• Не так редко, однако, необходимо... - Not infrequently, however, it is necessary to...• Необходимо более внимательно изучить данные. - A closer look at the data is called for.• Необходимо быть осторожным в применениях данной формулы. - One must be careful in using this formula.• Необходимо внести коренные изменения в... - There has to be a radical change in...• Необходимо выяснить, действительно ли... - It needs to be ascertained if...• Необходимо добавить, что... - It should be added that...• Необходимо заметить, что существуют два способа, которыми... - It should be noted that there are two ways in which...• Необходимо кратко остановиться на... - Brief mention should be made of...• Необходимо лишь... - It is merely necessary to...; It is only necessary to...• Необходимо (-- Нужно) ожидать, что... - It is to be expected that...• Необходимо особенно подчеркнуть, что... - It cannot be too highly stressed that...• Необходимо особенно тщательно следить за тем, чтобы... - Special care must be used to• Необходимо отметить, что... - It is to be noted that...• Необходимо подчеркнуть, что... - It is necessary to stress that...; It should be stressed that...; It must be emphasized that...• Необходимо понимать, что... - It should be realized that...• Необходимо понять и выяснить роль процессов, задействованных в... - It is therefore important to understand and appreciate the processes involved in...• Необходимо понять, что... - It is to be understood that...• Необходимо проверить... - There is a need to examine...• Необходимо проследить за... - It is necessary to keep track of...• Необходимо проявлять большую осторожность в выборе... - Great care must be exercised in selecting...• Необходимо рассмотреть эту проблему в некоторых деталях. - It is necessary to consider this problem in some detail.• Необходимо сделать несколько замечаний. - There are a number of points to be made.• Необходимо сделать следующее замечание. - It should be noted that; It should be pointed out that; A remark is in order• Необходимо сказать с самого начала, что... - It should be said from the outset that...• Необходимо следить за тем, чтобы не произошел перегрев... - Care must be exercised to avoid overheating...• Необходимо учесть... - Account must be taken of...; Proper allowance must be made for...• Необходимо четко отметить, что... - It must be carefully noted that...• Необходимо, чтобы... - It is necessary that...; It is essential that...• Однако модификации необходимы, когда... - Modifications, however, are necessary when...• Однако необходимо всегда помнить, что... - One should always keep in mind, however, that...• Однако необходимо заметить, что... - It must be observed, however, that...• Однако необходимо знать, что понимается под... - It is necessary, however, to know what is meant by...• Однако необходимо подчеркнуть, что... - But it needs to be stressed that...• Однако необходимо понимать, что.. i. - However, it must be understood that...• Однако сначала необходимо... -It is first necessary, however, to...• Однако часто бывает необходимо... - However, it is frequently necessary to...• Однако, во-первых, нам необходимо изучить общую теорию... - First, however, we need to study the general theory of...• Относительно... необходимо сделать пояснение. - A word of explanation is necessary with regard to...• Очевидно, необходимо, чтобы... - Clearly, it is necessary that...• Очевидно, нет необходимости (= нам не надо) (нечто проделать). - Clearly, there is no need to...• Перед тем как вернуться к рассмотрению этих проблем, нам необходимо... - Before returning to these matters, it is necessary to...• Перед тем как установить только что упомянутые результаты, необходимо (рассмотреть и т. п.)... - Before establishing the results just mentioned it is necessary to...• Помимо всего, нам необходимо показать, что... - Above all, we need to show that...• Поэтому необходимо... - For this reason it is necessary to...• Прежде всего необходимо (вычислить и т. п.)... - It is first of all necessary to...• При этих обстоятельствах необходимо... - In these circumstances, it is necessary to...• Производя экспериментальные работы, иногда необходимо... - In the course of experimental work, it is sometimes necessary to...• С другой стороны, необходимо всегда удостовериться, что... - On the other hand one always has to make sure that...• С этим обозначением необходимо обращаться аккуратно. - One must be careful with the notation.• Следовательно в каждом (отдельном) из этих случаев необходимо... - In each of these cases, therefore, it is necessary to...• Следовательно, необходимо помнить, что... - It should therefore be borne in mind that...• Следовательно, необходимо развить общий метод для... - It is, therefore, necessary to devise a general method for...• Таким образом, в принципе необходимо только... - Thus, in principle at least, it is only necessary to...• Сначала нам необходимо определить, что понимается под... - We need first to define what is meant by...• Совершенно необходимо, чтобы... - It is important that...• Тем не менее, необходимо допустить, что... - Nevertheless, it must be admitted that...• Тем не менее, необходимо уделить внимание... - Nevertheless, attention needs to be paid to...• То, что нам необходимо, это понятие о... - What is needed is a notion of...• Удобно, хотя и не необходимо (= не очень нужно),... -It is convenient (though not necessary) to...• Часто бывает необходимо... - It is frequently necessary to...• Часто необходимо произвести... - It is frequently necessary to generate...• Что (действительно) необходимо - это ясное понимание... - What is needed is a clear understanding of...• Чтобы доказать (3), необходимо только... - То establish (3) we need only to...• Чтобы достичь цели, необходимо... - То meet this objective, it is necessary to...• Чтобы не допустить этого, необходимо... - То prevent this it is necessary to...• Чтобы справиться с подобной ситуацией, нам необходимо... - In order to handle such a situation, we need to...• Это вполне справедливо, однако необходимо понять, что... - This is quite true, but it should be realized that...• Это необходимо для существенного понимания... - This is required for a fundamental understanding of...• Это условие необходимо для... - The condition is required to satisfy...• Этот результат было необходимо (= нужно) ожидать, исходя из факта... - This result was to be expected from the fact that... -
15 abandono1
1 = abandonment, betrayal, desertion, surrender, shift away from, drop-off, move away from, defection, pullout, disuse.Ex. Practical considerations led to the abandonment of this idea.Ex. The author explores the major themes of the novel: self-identity; love; and betrayal.Ex. The author also covers the electronic book and the desertion of libraries by researchers in favour of other information sources = El autor también habla del libro electrónico y del abandono de las bibliotecas por parte de los investigadores en favor de otras fuentes de información.Ex. This would require central funding, an appropriate communications infrastructure and the surrender by universities of their autonomy over their local libraries.Ex. This article discusses the effects of changes in the economy on the distribution of work in libraries which indicate a shift away from its female origins.Ex. There is a subsidy mechanism that lowers rates in order to avoid drop-offs from the network.Ex. This is a radical move away from the accepted principle of using the actual item as the primary source of cataloguing data.Ex. The longer the project is likely to last, the more important it is to be sure that it is designed to cope with factors such as defection of one of the partners.Ex. NATO is 'disappointed' at Russian pullout from arms treaty.Ex. After a period of disuse at the beginning of the nineteenth century, Caslon roman was revived, and has been available ever since from Caslon's successors.----* abandono de = flight from.* índice de abandono escolar = dropout rate.* tasa de abandono escolar = dropout rate. -
16 abandono
m.1 leaving.abandono de hogar (law) desertion (of family, spouse)2 state of abandon (descuido) (de aspecto, jardín).3 abandonment, desolation, abandoning, desertion.4 personal carelessness, neglect, abandonment, carelessness.5 departure.6 renunciation.7 complete surrender.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: abandonar.* * *1 (acción) abandoning, desertion2 (idea, actividad) giving up3 (descuido) neglect, lack of care4 (dejadez) apathy, carelessness5 DEPORTE withdrawal6 MARÍTIMO abandonment\en estado de abandono in an abandoned state* * *noun m.1) abandonment2) neglect3) withdrawal, resignation* * *SM1) (=acción)a) [de lugar]ordenaron el abandono de la isla — they ordered people to abandon o leave the island
el abandono de la zona por las tropas de ocupación — the withdrawal of the occupying forces from the region
b) [de actividad, proyecto] abandonmentvotaron a favor del abandono del leninismo — they voted in favour of renouncing Leninism, they voted for the abandonment of Leninism
ofrecen ayudas a los agricultores para el abandono de la producción — they are offering aid to farmers to cease production
mi abandono del cargo se debió a problemas internos — I gave up the post because of internal problems
c) (Jur) [de cónyuge] desertion; [de hijos] abandonmentabandono de la escuela — = abandono escolar
abandono del domicilio conyugal, abandono del hogar — desertion
abandono de tierras — land set aside, set-aside
2) (Dep) [antes de la prueba] withdrawal; [durante la prueba] retirement; (Ajedrez) resignation3) (=descuido) neglect, abandon frmla iglesia se encontraba en un terrible estado de abandono — the church was in a terrible state of neglect o abandon frm
es lamentable el abandono que sufre la sanidad pública desde hace años — it's dreadful how public health has been so neglected for years
4) (=vicio) indulgence5) (=soledad) desolation6) Méx (=ligereza) abandon, ease* * *1)a) (frml) ( de un lugar)b) ( de una persona) abandonment2) (Dep) (antes de la carrera, competición) withdrawal; (iniciada la carrera, competición) retirement; ( en ajedrez) resignation3) (descuido, desatención) neglect* * *1)a) (frml) ( de un lugar)b) ( de una persona) abandonment2) (Dep) (antes de la carrera, competición) withdrawal; (iniciada la carrera, competición) retirement; ( en ajedrez) resignation3) (descuido, desatención) neglect* * *abandono11 = abandonment, betrayal, desertion, surrender, shift away from, drop-off, move away from, defection, pullout, disuse.Ex: Practical considerations led to the abandonment of this idea.
Ex: The author explores the major themes of the novel: self-identity; love; and betrayal.Ex: The author also covers the electronic book and the desertion of libraries by researchers in favour of other information sources = El autor también habla del libro electrónico y del abandono de las bibliotecas por parte de los investigadores en favor de otras fuentes de información.Ex: This would require central funding, an appropriate communications infrastructure and the surrender by universities of their autonomy over their local libraries.Ex: This article discusses the effects of changes in the economy on the distribution of work in libraries which indicate a shift away from its female origins.Ex: There is a subsidy mechanism that lowers rates in order to avoid drop-offs from the network.Ex: This is a radical move away from the accepted principle of using the actual item as the primary source of cataloguing data.Ex: The longer the project is likely to last, the more important it is to be sure that it is designed to cope with factors such as defection of one of the partners.Ex: NATO is 'disappointed' at Russian pullout from arms treaty.Ex: After a period of disuse at the beginning of the nineteenth century, Caslon roman was revived, and has been available ever since from Caslon's successors.* abandono de = flight from.* índice de abandono escolar = dropout rate.* tasa de abandono escolar = dropout rate.abandono22 = neglect, dereliction, negligence, neglection, abandon, dilapidation, lassitude.Ex: Left hand truncation, which involves the neglect of prefixes or the elimination of characters from the beginning of a word, is also possible in many systems.
Ex: The energy crisis & the environmental crisis are rooted not in a stony ground of technological intractability, but in irresponsibility & dereliction.Ex: Damage of library materials is often caused by carelessness and negligence.Ex: After decades of neglection, nowadays there is an effort to bring these houses back to their original glory.Ex: The article 'Enlightenment and lubricity' examines paintings depicting women reading and responding with sensual abandon to the word.Ex: If Central Park is to be rescued from the general dilapidation it is much money and energy intelligently directed must be expended.Ex: His lassitude does not appear to emanate from laziness, but rather from the stirrings of nihilistic restlessness.* abandono de menores = child neglect.* en el abandono = in the wilderness.* en estado de abandono = decaying, dilapidated.* estado de abandono = state of neglect.* * *A1 ( frml)(de un lugar): la policía ordenó el abandono del recinto the police ordered everyone to leave o vacate the premisesel capitán ordenó el abandono del barco the captain gave the order to abandon ship2 (de una persona) abandonmentCompuestos:noncompletion, dropping outdesertionabandonment of employmentB ( Dep)1 (antes de iniciarse la carrera, competición) withdrawal2(una vez iniciada la carrera, competición): el abandono de Garrido se produjo en la quinta vuelta Garrido pulled out o retired on the fifth lap, Garrido's retirement came on the fifth lapel abandono del campeón se produjo en la jugada número 30 the champion's resignation came o the champion resigned on move 30C(descuido, desatención): el edificio se halla en un lamentable estado de abandono the building is in a sorry state of neglectda lástima ver el abandono en que se encuentran estos jardines it's terrible to see how overrun o overgrown these gardens have become, it's terrible to see how these gardens have been allowed to fall into neglectdejó a su familia en el más completo abandono he left his family utterly destitutela ropa que lleva da una imagen de abandono the clothes he wears make him look slovenly o scruffy* * *
Del verbo abandonar: ( conjugate abandonar)
abandono es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
abandonó es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
abandonar
abandono
abandonar ( conjugate abandonar) verbo transitivo
1
‹marido/amante› to leave;
‹coche/barco› to abandon;
2 [ fuerzas] to desert
3
◊ abandono los estudios to drop out of school/college
verbo intransitivo (Dep)
(en boxeo, lucha) to concede defeat
abandonarse verbo pronominal
1 ( entregarse) abandonose a algo ‹a vicios/placeres› to abandon oneself to sth
2 ( en el aspecto personal) to let oneself go
abandono sustantivo masculino
1 ( de una persona) abandonment;
2 (Dep) (antes de la carrera, competición) withdrawal;
(iniciada la carrera, competición) retirement;
( en ajedrez) resignation
3 (descuido, desatención) neglect
abandonar
I verbo transitivo
1 (irse de) to leave, quit: tenemos que vernos hoy, porque mañana abandono Madrid, we've got to see eachother today because I'm leaving Madrid tomorrow
2 (a una persona, a un animal) to abandon
abandonar a alguien a su suerte, to leave someone to his fate
3 (un proyecto, los estudios) to give up
4 Dep (retirarse de una carrera) to drop out of
(un deporte) to drop
II vi (desfallecer) to give up: los resultados no son los esperados, pero no abandones, the results aren't as good as we expected, but don't give up
abandono sustantivo masculino
1 (marcha de un lugar) abandoning, desertion
2 (de proyecto, idea) giving up
3 (de aseo) neglect
4 (despreocupación) carelessness
' abandono' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abandonar
- docencia
- entrega
- olvido
- pudrir
- recinto
- renuncia
English:
angrily
- climb down
- desertion
- drop out
- dump
- intimidate
- leave
- neglect
- self-neglect
- need
- walk
- withdrawal
* * *abandono nm1. [descuido] [de aspecto, jardín] state of abandon;[de estudios, obligaciones] neglect;la iglesia se encontraba en estado de abandono the church was derelict2. [de lugar]los bomberos ordenaron el abandono del edificio the firemen instructed everyone to leave the building, the firemen had the building evacuated;el abandono de su puesto le costó un arresto al soldado the soldier was placed in confinement for abandoning his post3. [de hijo, proyecto] abandonment;el abandono de animales se incrementa tras las Navidades there is a rise in the number of animals abandoned after Christmas;el movimiento defiende el abandono de la energía nuclear the movement is in favour of abolishing the use of nuclear energy;han anunciado el abandono de la violencia they have announced that they are going to give up violence;su desilusión lo llevó al abandono de la profesión he was so disillusioned that he left the professionDer abandono de hogar desertion [of family, spouse]; UE abandono de tierras:el gobierno está fomentando el abandono de tierras the government is promoting land set-aside4. [entrega] abandon, abandonment;se entregó con abandono a su amante she gave herself with abandon to her lover5. [de competición, carrera] withdrawal;el abandono se produjo en el kilómetro 10 he pulled out after 10 kilometres;ganar por abandono to win by default* * *m1 abandonment;abandono del domicilio conyugal desertion;abandono de la energía nuclear abandonment of nuclear power3:en un estado de abandono in a state of neglect* * *abandono nm1) : abandonment2) : neglect3) : withdrawalganar por abandono: to win by default -
17 esas
adj. main, principal, fundamental, basic, original, master, ultimate, authentic, basal, broad, central, constitutive, elemental, guiding, intrinsic, parent, pivotal, staple, underlying--------n. foundation, the merits, beginnings, principle, base, basis, extract, essence, corner stone, element, footing, fortification, heartbeat, nub, the nub, pith, pith and marrow, postulate, quiddity, radical, staple, substance, sum* * *1. base 2. basis 3. cardinal 4. elemental 5. essential 6. foundation 7. main 8. major 9. base (n.) -
18 köken
n. radical, root, origin, basis, authorship, bedrock, beginning, birth, derivation, descent, etymon, extraction, lineage, origination, paternity, pedigree, principle, provenance, spore, spring, wellhead, wellspring, womb, seeds, Genesis* * *origin -
19 Primigenia
prīmĭgĕnĭus, a, um, adj. [primusgeno, gigno].I.First of all, first of its kind, original, primitive (ante- and post-class.):II.pecuaria,
Varr. R. R. 2, 2:semina,
id. ib. 1, 40:seminis fontes,
Amm. 14, 6, 17:verba,
radical words, primitives, Varr. L. L. 6, § 36 Müll.: primigenius sulcus dicitur, qui in condendā novā urbe tauro et vaccā designationis causā imprimitur, Paul. ex Fest. p. 236 Müll.—Subst.A. B.Prīmĭgĕ-nĭi, ōrum, m., an epithet of the Phrygians, who claimed to be the first men, App. M. 11, p. 259, 7.—C.Prīmĭgĕnĭa, ae, f., an epithet of Fortuna, as the attendant of her favorite from birth, Cic. Leg. 2, 11, 28; Liv. 29, 36, 8; 34, 53, 5. -
20 primigenia
prīmĭgĕnĭus, a, um, adj. [primusgeno, gigno].I.First of all, first of its kind, original, primitive (ante- and post-class.):II.pecuaria,
Varr. R. R. 2, 2:semina,
id. ib. 1, 40:seminis fontes,
Amm. 14, 6, 17:verba,
radical words, primitives, Varr. L. L. 6, § 36 Müll.: primigenius sulcus dicitur, qui in condendā novā urbe tauro et vaccā designationis causā imprimitur, Paul. ex Fest. p. 236 Müll.—Subst.A. B.Prīmĭgĕ-nĭi, ōrum, m., an epithet of the Phrygians, who claimed to be the first men, App. M. 11, p. 259, 7.—C.Prīmĭgĕnĭa, ae, f., an epithet of Fortuna, as the attendant of her favorite from birth, Cic. Leg. 2, 11, 28; Liv. 29, 36, 8; 34, 53, 5.
- 1
- 2
См. также в других словарях:
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